Chp 9 & 10 - Cells and Energy

Autotrophs

Organisms that make their own food

Producer

An organism that can make its own food.

Heterotroph

An organism that cannot make its own food.

Consumer

An organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

Ribose

5 carbon sugar

Adenine

The base that pairs with Thymine in DNA

Photosynthesis

Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.

Chlorophyll

A green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria

Light-dependent phase

the first phase of photosynthesis; requires light energy to energize electrons in pigments

ETC

electron transport chain

Calvin Cycle

reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars

Cellular Respiration

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

Aerobic

Process that requires oxygen

Anaerobic

Process that does not require oxygen

Glycolysis

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.

Krebs cycle

second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions

citric acid cycle

Completes the breakdown of glucose

electron transport chain

A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during reactions that release energy used to make ATP.

fermentation (anaerobic respiration)

enable cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen

lactic acid fermentation

the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates that produces lactic acid as the main end product

Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism

Anabolism

Metabolic pathways that construct molecules, requiring energy.

Catabolism

Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy.