GALec - Nervous System

This system serves to keep the body in touch with the external environment, provides sense of awareness, and enables us to think, reason, perceive, and experience emotions

This system serves to keep the body in touch with the external environment, provides sense of awareness, and enables us to think, reason, perceive, and experience emotions

Nervous system

What are the two organization of the nervous system?

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

It is the integrative and control of the nervous system that receives sensory input and formulates response to this input

Central nervous system

What do you call the bony structures that encloses the brain and spinal cord?

Brain - cranium

Spinal cord - vertebral column

The most complex and largest mass of nervous tissue that contains billions of nerve cells

Brain

Give the average weight of adult brain for male and female

Male - 1380 g

Female - 1250 g

Give the primary brain vesicles

Prosencephalon

Mesencephalon

Rhombencephalon

True or False: Brain weight decreases during old age

True

True or false: The brain is made of mostly water that comes from blood

True

What are the two divisions of the brain?

Gray matter

White matter

This division makes up 40% of the brain and is composed of nerve cell bodies

Gray matter of brain

This division makes up 60% and is composed of myelinated nerve fibers

White matter of brain

Term used to describe the insulating layer around a nerve fiber

Myelin sheath

It is any mass of nerve cells in any part of the brain and spinal cord

Nucleus

It is any mass of nerve cells outside the brain and spinal cord

Ganglion

Also known as fasciculus, brachium, peduncle, column, or lemniscus; it is the nerve of the brain and spinal cord with a common origin

Tract

Also called nerve root, nerve cord, or ramus; it is a bundle of nerve fibers outside the CNS

Nerve

It is a band of fibers joining corresponding opposite parts of the brain and spinal cord

Commissure

Give the 3 main parts of the brain

Cerebrum

Cerebellum

Brain stem

Give the 5 main parts of the brain

Cerebrum

Cerebellum

Midbrain

Pons varolii

Medulla oblongata

Give the secondary brain vesicles based from their corresponding primary brain vesicle

Prosencephalon - Telencephalon, Diencephalon

Mesencephalon - Mesencephalon

Rhombencephalon - Metencephalon, Myelencephalon

Other term for prosencephalon

Forebrain

Other term for telencephalon

Cerebrum

It is the largest proportion of the brain that occupies 7/8 of the total weight

Telencenphalon/Cerebrum

It contains center for sensory and motor activities, it is the seat of intelligence, reason, and memory

Telencephalon/cerebrum

What are the two cerebral hemispheres?

Right and left cerebral hemisphere

It is the cerebral surface composed of gray matter which were thrown into infoldings

Cerebral cortex

Term used to describe foldings or convolutions

Gyrus

What is the difference between sulcus and fissure?

Sulcus - shallow intervening furrow

Fissure - deep intervening furrow

Give the 5 cerebral fissures

Longitudinal fissure

Lateral fissure

Central fissure

Transverse fissure

Parietooccipital fissure

Fissure that divides the cerebrum into two hemisphere, giving each division a full set of centers for motor and sensory functions of the body

Longitudinal fissure

Found in the midline to connect the two cerebral hemisphere; it allows the hemispheres to share learning and memory

Corpus callosum

True or False. The left cerebral hemisphere has lesser neurons than the right.

False. The left cerebral hemisphere has more neurons than the right.

Other term for lateral fissure

Sylvian fissure

Fissure between the frontal and parietal lobes above and temporal lobe below that is associated with centers for speech and hearing

Lateral/Sylvian fissure

Other term for central fissure

Rolandic fissure

Fissure between frontal and parietal lobes that is associated with centers for both motor and sensory functions

Central/Rolandic fissure

Fissure between the cerebrum and cerebellum

Transverse fissure

Fissure between occipital and parietal lobes

Parietooccipital fissure

What are the 5 lobes of the cerebrum?

Frontal

Temporal lobe

Parietal lobe

Occipital lobe

Insula

Lobe for motor functions and personality

Frontal lobe

Lobe for sensory functions

Parietal lobe

Lobe for hearing and smell

Temporal lobe

Lobe for vision

Occipital lobe

Other term for insula

Island of Reil

Lobe for libido

Insula

Term used to describe the sexual desires of man

Libido

Functions of the cerebrum

Mental activities

Sensory perception

Initiation and control of voluntary muscular contractions

True or False. The brain can feel pain.

False. The brain, itself, can’t feel pain because it doesn’t contain any pain receptors.

Four paired masses of gray matter also known as basal ganglia

Basal nuclei

Give the four paired masses of basal nuclei

Caudate

Lentiform

Amygdaloid nucleus

Claustrum nucleus

It is embedded in the white matter of the cerebrum that influences the skeletal muscle tone

Basal nuclei

What is the second division of the forebrain that is composed of thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus?

Diencephalon

Large mass of gray matter located in the cerebral hemisphere that serves as a relay station between the cerebrum and the rest of the brain and spinal cord

Thalamus

Lies below the thalamus that contains temperature regulating mechanisms and relations with the pituitary gland

Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus forms what?

Lateral walls and floor of 3rd ventricle

It is concerned with hunger, thirst, defense-reactions, and satiety

Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus is composed of what?

Mamillary bodies

Tuber cinereum

Infundibulum

Optic chiasma

The most dorsal part of diencephalon that forms the roof of the 3rd ventricle

Epithalamus

Epithalamus is composed of what

Pineal body

Posterior commissure

Other term for midbrain

Mesencephalon

It is the short constricted region between the forebrain and hindbrain that is concerned with motor coordination and connects the pons and cerebellum with cerebrum

Mesencephalon

Mesencephalon consists of what

Cerebral peduncles

Corpora quadrigemina

Cerebral aqueduct

It is a pair of cylindrical bodies on the ventral surface of the midbrain

Cerebral peduncles

2 twin bodies on the dorsal surface of the midbrain that forms the roof of central aqueduct

Corpora quadrigemina

Corpora quadrigemina consists of what?

Superior colliculi

Inferior colliculi

Other term for cerebral aqueduct

Sylvian aqueduct

It is a canal that connects the third ventricle of diencephalon with the fourth ventricle of the metencephalon

Cerebral aqueduct

Also known as the hindbrain

Rhombencephalon

The most superior part of the hindbrain

Metencephalon

Metencephalon consists of what?

Cerebellum

Pons varolii

A little oval brain with a central constriction and lateral expanded portions that occupies the posterior cranial fossa

Cerebellum

What do you call the structure that separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum?

Tentorium cerebelli

Term used to describe the central constriction of the little oval brain of cerebellum

Vermis

Term used to describe the lateral expanded portions of the cerebellum

Hemispheres

What are the divisions/lobes of cerebellum?

Anterior lobe

Posterior lobe

Flocculonodular lobe

Lobe concerned with posture

Anterior lobe

Lobe concerned with coordination of movements

Posterior lobe

Lobe concerned with equilibrium

Flocculonodular lobe

Bridge-like structure composed wholly of white matter that is situated in front of the cerebellum between the midbrain and medulla oblongata

Pons Varolii

Joins the two halves of the cerebellum

Pons varolii

Pneumotaxic center that participates in the regulation of respiration

Pons varolii

Also known as medulla oblongata

Myelencephalon

Extends from the pons above and continuous with the spinal cord below

Myelencephalon

Shape of myelencephalon

Pyramidal, broad above and narrow below

Organ for the conduction of impulses between the brain and spinal cord and contains centers for control of bodily functions

Myelencephalon

What are centers for control of bodily functions that can be found in myelencephalon?

Cardiac inhibitory center

Vasoconstrictor center

Respiratory center

Reflex centers

Center used to hold heart rate to slower rate

Cardiac inhibitory center

Center to narrow lumen of arteries

Vasoconstrictor center

Center to control rate and depth of respiration

Respiratory center

Center for sneezing, coughing, vomiting, winking, and movements and secretions of alimentary canal

Reflex centers

What do you call the membranes that envelopes the brain and spinal cord?

Meninges

Composition of meninges

Dura mater

Arachnoid mater

Pia mater

Other term for dura mater

Pachymeninx

Other term for arachnoid mater

Leptomeninges

Give the two layers of dura matter

Outer and inner layer of dense fibrous tissue

The outer layer of dura mater that serves as periosteum of inner surfaces of skull bones

Endosteal layer

The inner layer of dura mater that serves as protective covering of the brain and spinal cord

Meningeal layer

What are the derivatives of dura mater?

Falx cerebri

Falx cerebelli

Tentorium cerebelli

Diaphragma sellae

The delicate serous membrane situated between dura and pia mater

Arachnoid mater