unit 3 - cog approach pt. 2

Schema

 A mental framework that organizes knowledge and guides information processing.

Schema theory

The theory that cognition is shaped by schemas that influence perception, memory, and understanding.

Bransford & Johnson (1972)

A study showing that prior knowledge (schemas) improves comprehension and memory.

False memory

A memory that is inaccurate or fabricated without conscious intention.

Reconstructive memory

The idea that memory is actively rebuilt using schemas rather than replayed exactly.

Loftus & Palmer (1974)

A study showing that leading questions can distort eyewitness memory.

Dual Process Model

A model proposing two systems of thinking: fast/automatic and slow/deliberate.

Intuitive thinking (System 1)

Fast, automatic, and unconscious thinking.

Rational thinking (System 2)

Slow, deliberate, and conscious thinking.

Alter (2007)

A study showing that cognitive fluency affects problem-solving and judgment.

Reliability of cognition

The consistency and accuracy of cognitive processes such as memory and thinking.

Heuristics

Mental shortcuts used to make quick judgments and decisions.

Representative heuristic

Judging probability based on similarity to a prototype.

Tversky & Kahneman (1983)

A study showing that biases can override logical judgments such as probability.