Europe's Borders, Migration Policies, and WW2 Impact

Contradictory EU Border Goals

Promotes freedom and human rights while enforcing strict border control.

Fortress Europe

A term describing the European Union as a heavily guarded space that restricts immigration through strict border controls, surveillance, and policies that keep migrants and refugees out.

How the UDHR Can Hurt Refugees

It does not guarantee the right to enter another country, allowing nations to deny asylum and close borders.

War on Terror vs War on Irregular Immigration

Both create legal gray zones where governments use force and surveillance with limited transparency.

Northern League

A far-right, anti-immigration political party in Italy.

Lisbon Treaty

EU agreement stating the Union is founded on human dignity, freedom, democracy, and human rights.

Dublin Convention

An EU agreement to ensure asylum seekers apply in the first EU country they enter.

European Neighborhood Policy

An EU policy aimed at managing relations with neighboring non-EU countries.

Countries Where Attacks Occurred

France, Belgium, and Germany.

The Fallen of World War II

A documentary explaining the global impact and human cost of World War II.

Global South

Regions of the world often referenced as major sources of migrants and refugees.

Humanitarian vs Security Approach

The conflict between helping refugees and enforcing national borders.

Human Cost of Borders

Deaths, mental health crises, and suffering caused by restrictive migration policies.

Sahara Crossing

A dangerous journey across the desert marked by dehydration, abandonment, and death.

# Quizlet Import - Fortress Europe / Terror in Europe / WW2

*How to use: Copy everything below → Quizlet → Create → Import → Paste → Set term/definition as TAB* → Create set.

---

Soft Borders

Borders that are open and flexible, allowing people to move freely with little documentation or restriction (common in Europe before World War I).

Hard Borders

Borders that are tightly controlled and militarized, using fences, guards, surveillance technology, visas, and strict asylum rules to limit movement.

Imagined National Identities

The idea that national identity is socially constructed using shared language, history, culture, and ethnicity to define who "belongs" and who does not.

When Borders Were Relatively Open

Until World War I (around 1914), when passports and visas were often not required and people could travel freely.

Paper Walls

Bureaucratic barriers such as passports, visas, work permits, and ID documents that control movement without physical walls.

Creation of Illegality

The idea that people become "illegal" because of laws and paperwork rules, not because of committing crimes.

Post-WWII Migration Period

Late 1940s to late 1960s when European countries recruited foreign workers to rebuild their economies.

Guest Workers

Migrants invited to European countries to fill labor shortages after World War II.

Countries That Recruited Migrants

France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, and Britain.

Effect of Post-WWII Migration on Europe

Economic recovery, industrial growth, and the creation of diverse, multicultural societies.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)

An international document stating that everyone has the right to leave and return to their country.

How the UDHR Helps Refugees

Supports the right to flee danger and seek asylum by recognizing freedom of movement as a human right.

Security Framing of Migrants

Migrants and refugees are often treated as threats rather than people seeking safety.

Morocco-Spain Cooperation

Morocco helps Spain and the EU stop migrants before they reach Europe.

Role of Morocco as Buffer State

Prevents migrants from reaching EU territory by policing camps and borders.

Primary Arguments for EU Border Militarization

Prevent terrorism, reduce crime, and protect national security and sovereignty.

Author's View on EU Border Policy

Believes it mainly aims to stop migrants from the Global South and causes unnecessary suffering.

Where Most Migrant Deaths Occur

At Europe's southern sea borders, especially in the Mediterranean Sea.

Primary Cause of Migrant Deaths in Destination Countries

Fear of deportation and loss of support leading to mental and physical distress.

Libya-Italy Relationship Pre-Gaddafi

Libya helped Italy control Mediterranean migration routes and acted as a gatekeeper.

Author's View on Lisbon Treaty in Practice

Claims EU border enforcement contradicts these values.

Schengen Area

A group of European countries that allow free movement without internal border checks.

Origin of Schengen

Developed through EU treaties and now part of the EU framework.

Does Schengen Include All EU Countries?

No, some EU countries opt out and some non-EU countries participate.

Asylum Shopping

The practice of seeking asylum in multiple countries to find the most favorable system.

EU Concern at Poland-Ukraine Border

Preventing irregular migration and protecting the EU's eastern frontier.

Terror in Europe Documentary

A PBS Frontline documentary examining radicalization and terrorist networks in Europe.

Two Terrorist Groups Mentioned

ISIS (Islamic State) and Al-Qaeda.

Where Citizen Terrorists Were Radicalized

Prisons and online networks.

Result of the War in Syria

Destabilization and mass displacement, contributing to refugee flows and terrorism concerns.

Country with Most WW2 Fatalities

Soviet Union (USSR).

Country with Highest Percentage of Population Lost

Poland.

What Was New About WW2

Civilians became primary targets, and war became more total and global.

Fortress Europe Theme

The tension between security and human rights in EU border policies.

Militarized Borders

Use of technology, guards, and surveillance to control migration.

Mediterranean Migration Routes

Sea pathways used by migrants trying to reach Europe.

Buffer States

Countries used by the EU to stop migrants before they reach EU borders.

EU Eastern Frontier

The eastern border of the EU, especially near non-EU countries like Ukraine.

Paperwork-Based Borders

Systems that control movement through legal documents rather than physical barriers.

State Power and Migration

Governments use laws and enforcement to regulate who belongs within borders.

Refugee vs Migrant

A refugee flees danger or persecution; a migrant moves for economic or personal reasons.

Fortress Mentality

The belief that Europe must defend itself from outsiders through strong borders.

Border Surveillance Technology

Drones, cameras, databases, and tracking systems used to monitor movement.

EU Sovereignty

The right of EU states to control who enters their territory.

Total War

A form of warfare where civilians and economies are fully involved in the conflict.

Civic Radicalization

The process by which citizens adopt extremist ideologies.

Online Extremist Networks

Internet platforms used to spread radical ideas and recruit members.

Refugee Crisis

Large-scale displacement of people due to war, violence, or persecution.

Fortress Europe Critique

The argument that EU border policies prioritize security over humanity.

Schengen Border Paradox

Free movement inside Europe but strict control at external borders.

Migration Policy Tension

The conflict between economic needs for workers and political resistance to migrants.

---

## Exodus (PBS Frontline) - Quizlet Import Cards

Isra'a - Country of Origin

Syria.

Isra'a - Desired Destination

Germany.

Isra'a - Last Non-EU Country Before Entry

Turkey.

Isra'a - First EU Country Entered

Greece.

Hassan - Country of Origin

Syria.

Hassan - Desired Destination

Germany.

Hassan - Last Non-EU Country Before Entry

Turkey.

Hassan - First EU Country Entered

Greece.

Ahmad - Country of Origin

Syria.

Ahmad - Desired Destination

Germany or Northern Europe.

Ahmad - First EU Country Entered

Greece.

Sadiq - Country of Origin

Afghanistan.

Sadiq - Desired Destination

Germany.

Sadiq - Last Non-EU Country Before Entry

Turkey.

Sadiq - First EU Country Entered

Greece.

Alaigie - Country of Origin

The Gambia.

Alaigie - Desired Destination

Germany or Western Europe.

Alaigie - Last Non-EU Country Before Entry

Libya.

Alaigie - First EU Country Entered

Italy.

Why They Are Leaving Home

War, violence, political instability, lack of safety, and lack of economic opportunity.

The Jungle (Calais)

An informal migrant camp in France where refugees wait and live in poor conditions while trying to reach the UK.

Mediterranean Crossing

An extremely risky sea journey in overcrowded boats where many migrants drown.

Situation in Libya

Lawlessness, detention centers, abuse, and exploitation of migrants by militias and traffickers.

Last Leg for Ahmad and Hassan

Walking through the Balkans toward Northern Europe and Germany.

Approximate Refugees to Europe in 2015

Over 1 million.

Most Common Country of Origin (2015)

Syria.

Second Most Common Country of Origin (2015)

Afghanistan.

Most Common Route (2015)

Eastern Mediterranean and Balkan route (Turkey to Greece to Balkans to Northern Europe).

Approximate Syrians Fled Since 2011

Over 5 million.