anthropology

Foraging

Hunting and gathering from the natural environment for food.

Mobility

Allows access to diverse resources while maintaining carrying capacity in foraging societies.

Division of labor

Optimizes tasks during travel in foraging societies.

Sharing

Fosters cooperation and resource distribution in foraging societies.

Material wealth

Defined by practical items essential for mobility and survival in foraging societies.

Domestication

Occurred 10,000-9,000 years ago in the old world, changing human society.

Pastoralism

Animal husbandry involving breeding, care, and use of herd animals.

Horticulture

Using human power with simple tools for gardening.

Slash-and-burn

Technique involving cutting, burning, and planting trees for farming.

Intensive agriculture

Uses machines, chemicals, and technology to grow crops in a small area.

Reciprocity

Generalized, balanced, and negative forms of exchange in societies.

Redistribution

Collection and distribution of goods based on social rules or authority.

Potlatch

Ceremonial event involving gift-giving, feasting, and resource redistribution.

Market exchange

Buying and selling goods and services based on supply and demand.

Marriage

Culturally sanctioned union between individuals with various functions.

Consanguine

Marrying blood-related individuals like second cousins or closer.

Endogamy

Marrying within one's social group.

Exogamy

Marrying outside one's social group.

Incest taboo

Cultural rule prohibiting close relatives from marrying or having sexual relationships.

Monogamy

Exclusive relationship with one partner at a time.

Polygamy

Having multiple spouses.

Brideservice

Groom providing labor or services to the bride's family instead of a gift.

Dowry

Wealth given by the bride's family to the groom's family at marriage.

Nuclear family

Parents and children living together.

Extended family

Includes parents, children, and other relatives living together.

Neolocal

Newly married couple establishes their own household.

Patrilocal

Couple lives with or near the husband's family.

Matrilocal

Couple lives with or near the wife's family.

Bilocal

Couple alternates living with the husband's and wife's families.

Avunculocal

Couple lives with the husband's maternal uncle and his family.

Bilateral descent

Kinship and inheritance traced through both mother's and father's sides equally.

Kindred

Person's network of relatives on both sides, including parents, siblings, aunts, uncles, cousins, and grandparents.

Life course/stage

Various phases individuals pass through during their lives with distinct roles and expectations.

Social birth

Cultural recognition of a person as a member of society, separate from biological birth.

Initiation rites

Mark transition between social statuses, transmit cultural knowledge; phases include separation, liminality, and incorporation.

Factors influencing elderly treatment

Cultural beliefs, economic resources, family structure, societal values on aging.

Gender

Socially constructed categories; differs from sex based on genitalia, chromosomes, gonads.

Woman-woman marriage

Precolonial Tanzania practice where a woman marries another woman through a male intermediary for lineage continuation.

Perspectives on gender division of labor

Physical capabilities, fertility concern, childcare compatibility; explain universal gender roles based on practical considerations.

Agta women hunting

Challenge gender division of labor based on physical capabilities, showing a mix of factors like childcare compatibility.

Gender stratification factors

Cultural beliefs, societal norms, economic opportunities, education access, legal rights, political representation.

Iroquois society

Women hold significant roles in decision-making, agriculture, property ownership, political representation, religious ceremonies.