Biochem Exam 3

where does glycolysis occur?

cytoplasm

how many ATP are produced from citric acid cycle?

2 ATP

where does the phosphate come from in substrate level phosphorylation?

from the substrate

where does the phosphate come from in oxidative phosphorylation?

from an inorganic phosphate

how many ATP are produced by oxidative phosphorolaytion?

28-40

how many ATP are used in the prep phase of glycolysis?

2

what ion is used as a cofactor in glycolysis?

Magnesium

what kind of reactions are reversible?

endergonic

what is the final form of pyruvate considered in glycolysis?

keto

what kind of receptor regulates insulin?

tyrosine kinase receptor

what kind of enzyme is needed to break down large carbs?

amylase

what is another name for vitamin B1 in its active stage?

thiamine pyrophosphate (tpp)

where does gluconeogenesis primarily occur in mammals?

liver

what does the pentose phosphate pathway produce?

nucleotides and coenzymes

what 2 products can be made from citric acid cycle?

GTP and ATP

how does pyruvate move into the mitochondria?

mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (mpc)

what can pyruvate be oxidized to?

Acetyl-CoA

what is an amphibolic pathway?

a pathway that can break things down and build them up

anaplerosis

replenishes citric acid cycle intermediates

cataplerosis

removes citric acid cycle intermediates

what is another name for the warburg effect?

aerobic glycolysis

what 5 enzymes are needed to convert pyruvate to Acetyl -CoA?

• CoA-SH

• NAD

• lipoate

• FAD

• TPP

what 4 vitamins are needed to convert pyruvate to acetyl-CoA?

• B1

• B2

• B3

• B5

what is an isozyme?

different enzymes with the same function

where do immediate cell responses happen?

cytoplasm

where do long term cell responses take place?

nucleus

why can steroid receptors travel through the membrane?

they are lipophilic

where do polypeptides bind?

cell surface receptors

where do steroids bind?

intracellular receptors

where are steroid hormone receptors located?

cytoplasm or nucleus

what is recruited to make chromatin easier to access?

histone acetyl transferase (HAT)

what must happen before gene expression?

acetylation

what type of receptors can act as transcription factors?

steroid hormone receptors

when does thyroid dimerize?

before ligand binding

when does estrogen dimerize?

after ligand binding

where are peptide receptors usually located?

cell surface

what is the largest family of receptors?

G protein coupled receptors

what does adenylyl cyclase do?

converts ATP to cyclic AMP

what type of receptors cross phosphorylate eachother?

cytokine receptors

what is phospholipase C (PLC)?

membrane enzyme that is activated by growth factor receptors

what does phospholipase C cleave PIP2 into?

DAG and IP3

what enzyme does calmodulin bind to?

myosin kinase