BIO Q1

Binary Fission

a type of asexual reproduction for prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) and single-celled eukaryotes

Binary fission

sometimes referred to as “division in half”

Prokaryotes and Single-celled eukaryotes

What type/s of cells undergo binary fission?

The origin of replication is replicated. As a result, there are then two copies of the origin. One of its copies moves rapidly towards the other end of the cell by a mechanism involving an actin-like protein.

On the first step of binary fission, what happens to the origin of replication?

a mechanism involving an actin-like protein

In the first step of binary fission, what helps one copy of the origin move rapidly towards the other end of the cell?

The cell elongates

During the second step of binary fission, replication continues. One copy of the origin is now at each end of the cell. What happens to the cell during this step?

The plasma membrane is pinched inward by a tubulin-like protein, and a new cell wall is deposited.

During binary fission, what happens once the replication finishes?

a tubulin-like protein

In binary fission, what pinches the plasma membrane inward?

two daughter cells

What is the result at the end of binary fission?

the plasma membrane is pinched inward by a tubulin-like protein, a new cell wall is deposited, then as a result, two daughter cells are formed.

Describe what step of binary fission is happening in the picture.

origin of replication

In binary fission, where does replication begin?

sex cells

If mitosis is for somatic cells, meiosis is for?

The cell elongates

During the second step of binary fission, replication continues. One copy of the origin is now at each end of the cell. What happens to the cell during this step?

chromatid

one of two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division.

a tubulin-like protein

In binary fission, what pinches the plasma membrane inward?

two daughter cells

What is the result at the end of binary fission?

the plasma membrane is pinched inward by a tubulin-like protein, a new cell wall is deposited, then as a result, two daughter cells are formed.

Describe what step of binary fission is happening in the picture.

origin of replication

In binary fission, where does replication begin?

sex cells

If mitosis is for somatic cells, meiosis is for?

sex cells

If mitosis is for somatic cells, meiosis is for?

chromatin

a mixture of DNA and PROTEINS that form the chromosomes found in the cells of humans and other higher organisms.

The plasma membrane is pinched inward by a tubulin-like protein, and a new cell wall is deposited.

During binary fission, what happens once the replication finishes?

a tubulin-like protein

In binary fission, what pinches the plasma membrane inward?

two daughter cells

What is the result at the end of binary fission?

synapsis and crossing over

What occurs in Prophase I of meiosis that doesn’t occur in Prophase of mitosis?

spermatogenesis

male gamete or sperm cell development

• paternal chromosome/sister chromatids

• maternal chromosome/sister chromatids

A pair of homologous chromosomes is made up of:

synaptomemal complex

this proteinaceous structure or complex connects paired homologous chromosomes

DNA breaks

During synapsis, what happens first before the synaptonemal complex forms?

crossing-over

What happens after synapsis?

crossing-over

what process is happening in the picture?

spermiogenesis

final stage of spermatogenesis, which sees the maturation of spermatids into mature, motile spermatozoa

seminiferous tubules of testicles after puberty

where does meiosis occur in males?

ovary (produces on large egg cell; other cells produced in the process are polar bodies)

where does meiosis occur in females?

haploid cells

if mitosis results to diploid cells, meiosis results to?

1. mitosis

2. meiosis

indentify which one describes mitosis, and which one describes meiosis.

synapsis and crossing over

What occurs in Prophase I of meiosis that doesn’t occur in Prophase of mitosis?

Synapsis

Pairing of homologous chromosomes

independent assortment

Genes are inherited independently of one another and therefore give rise to different chromosome combinations.

the two (sister) chromatids of each chromosome move as a unit towards the same pole.

During anaphase I of meiosis, sister chromatid cohesion persists at the centromere. As a result, what happens?

two haploid daughter cells. each daughter cell has a complete haploid set if duplicated chromosomes.

Telophase I and cytokinesis result to?

cleavage furrow

in meiosis, what forms during cytokinesis?

meiosis II

Which meiosis (I or II) is more similar to mitosis?

they are not genetically identical

Because of crossing over in meiosis I, what happens to the two sister chromatids of each chromosome?

4 haploid daughter cells, each with a haploid set of unduplicated chromosomes

What is the result of meiosis?

genetically distinct (from the parent and from each other)

each daughter cell produced in meiosis is ________

1. synapsis and crossing over (occurs only in meiosis; prophase I)

2. Alignment of homologous pairs at the metaphase plate

3. separation of homologs

3 significant differences between mitosis and meiosis:

crossing-over will be impaired resulting to less genetic variation among the gametes produced. disruption like this in the meiotic process can lead to chromosomal abnormalities and ferltility problems. (chromosome pairing, synapsis and crossing-over is essential for proper chromosome segregation and making functional gametes)

if the synaptonemal complex disappears, what will happen?

crossing-over

exchange of DNA between paired homologous chromosomes (one from each parent)

alleles

Crossing-over results in new combinations of _______ in the gametes.

they are not genetically identical

Because of crossing over in meiosis I, what happens to the two sister chromatids of each chromosome?

4 haploid daughter cells, each with a haploid set of unduplicated chromosomes

What is the result of meiosis?

Prophase I

During what phase of meiosis I, do microtobules from one pole or the other attach to the kinetochores, one at the centromere of each homolog and move them towards the metaphase plate?

he predicted that preventing flies from having direct contant with the meat will prevent appearance of maggots. he made three setups: an unsealed flash with meat inside, a sealed flask with meat inside, and a flash with meat inside covered with a gauze. the results of this experiment were in line his prediction.

What did francesco redi do to disprove aristotle’s theory?

john needham

He claimed that microorganisms in broth developed independently of other cells.

he heated a nutrient broth to kill microorganisms and then covered the vial right after. he then observed appearance of microorganisms in the sealed vials. because of the results, he argued that those microorganisms must have risen spontaneously from the nutrient broth and concluded that living organisms could emerge from nonliving matter under the right conditions.

What did john needham do to prove his claim statement?

lazzaro spallanzani

Who disagreed with needham’s conclusion?

homologous chromosomes

Paired chromosomes that essentially have the same gene sequence, loci (gene position), centromere location, and chromosomal length. They may differ in alleles.

1. bivalent/tetrad

2. recombinants

fill in the blanks.

Prophase I

During what phase of meiosis I, do microtobules from one pole or the other attach to the kinetochores, one at the centromere of each homolog and move them towards the metaphase plate?

abiogenesesis

this hypothesis states that the primtive life on earth originated from lifeless matter and it took miilions of years to transpire.

1. time (bio-right away, abio-millions of years)

2. from nonliving w/ pneuma (bio), organic compound (abio)

3. driproved (bio), currently still being studied and researched (abio)90

3 key differences between bio and abiogenesis:

stanley-urey experiment

what experiment is being conducted in the picture?

robert hooke

he discovered cells

He performed the same experiment except he covered the flask earlier, already sealing the broth as he heats it. he observed no appearance of microorganisms.

How did lazzaro spallanzani disprove needham’s conclusion?

louis pasteur

who really debunked aristotle’s thoery of spontaneous generation?

matthias schleiden

he studied plant cells.

theodore schwann

he concluded that animals are made up of cels

rudolph virchow

he suggested that cells came from pre-existing cells through cell division.

1. all living organisms are made up of cells

2. cells are the basic unit of sturcture, function and organization in all living organisms

3. cells come from pre-existing cells

three postulates of the cell theory:

nucleus

the information central of the cell

robert hooke

contains most of the genes in a eukaryotic cell

nuclear envelope

first discovered live cells.

nuclear lamina

netlike array of protein filaments

robert brown

first discovered the nucleus.

theodore schwann

where are ribosomes found?

rudolph virchow

this cellular component is responsible for reading the mRNA sequence and translating the genetic code into a specific string of amino acids, which grow into long chains that fold to form proteins.

1. time (bio-right away, abio-millions of years)

2. from nonliving w/ pneuma (bio), organic compound (abio)

3. driproved (bio), currently still being studied and researched (abio)90

3 key differences between bio and abiogenesis:

stanley-urey experiment

what experiment is being conducted in the picture?

louis pasteur

first discovered live cells.

nuclear lamina

responsible for Synthesis of lipids and steroids/hormones (sex hormones), metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and poisons, and storage of calcium ions

robert brown

first discovered the nucleus.

theodore schwann

where are ribosomes found?

rudolph virchow

this cellular component is responsible for reading the mRNA sequence and translating the genetic code into a specific string of amino acids, which grow into long chains that fold to form proteins.

1. time (bio-right away, abio-millions of years)

2. from nonliving w/ pneuma (bio), organic compound (abio)

3. driproved (bio), currently still being studied and researched (abio)90

3 key differences between bio and abiogenesis:

stanley-urey experiment

what experiment is being conducted in the picture?

nucleus

contains most of the genes in a eukaryotic cell

smooth ER

responsible for Synthesis of lipids and steroids/hormones (sex hormones), metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and poisons, and storage of calcium ions

smooth ER

its outer surface lacks ribosomes

rough ER

its surface is studded with ribosomes and is involved with the production, folding, quality control and dispatch of some proteins.

rough ER

responsible for moving protein and other carbohydrates to the Golgi Bodies

golgi apparatus

products of the ER, such as proteins, are modified and stored and then sent to other destinations.

1. cytosol

2. cell membrane

3. secretion

4. lysosome

proteins the enter the golgi apparatus are sent to 1 of its 4 paths. list down all 4 paths.

cytosol

the "soup" within which all of the cell's organelles reside

cytosol

home of the cytoskeleton

lysosome

one of its functions is to digest (hydrolyze) macromolecules.

mitochondria

powerhouse of the cell

mitochondria

site of cellular respiration

mitochondria

this organelle is self-replicating and have their own DNA.

endosymbiotic theory

this theory states that the mitochondria and chloroplast in eukaryotic cells were once aerobic (produce energy with oxygen) bacteria (prokaryote) that were ingested by a large anaerobic (produce energy without oxygen) bacteria (prokaryote)