Biology

2 times, meiosis I, meiosis II

How many times does meiosis divide and what are they called?

Produces gametes and 4 unique daughter cells

What does meiosis produce?

Haploid

What are the daughter cells?

n, 2n, 3n, 4n

What’s haploid, diploid, triploid, tetraploid?

Gamete production for reproductive purposes

What’s the purpose of meiosis?

The crossing over when chromosomes swap their arms and legs during Meiosis I and the independent assortment will not always get the paternal copy, but instead get the maternal copy. This leads to a new combination of traits in earlier generations which increases genetic diversity and how long they’ll live.

How does meiosis increase genetic diversity?

Genotypes are consisted of alleles. Those alleles(genotypes) determine the phenotype

What’s the relationship between genotype and phenotype?

Autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and sex-linked recessive

What are 3 Mendelian complex inheritances?

Most common inheritance pattern for genetic diseases. The disease is rare in the family. Both males and females are equally likely to inherit the disease. This disease often skips generations.

What’s autosomal recessive?

Disease is common in the family. Males and females are equally likely to inherit the disease. Disease will never skip a generation. A child cannot inherit the disease if both parents are healthy.

What’s autosomal dominant?

Disease is rare in the family. Males are more often affected than females. Disease often skips generations. Affected father DO NOT pass on to their sons. If mom is affected, all sons will get the disease

What sex-linked recessive?

1/3, 1/4, 2/3, 2/4

What’s the pattern for dihybrid crosses?

9:3:3:1, or 9/16(both dominant), 3/16(one dominant), 3/16(other dominant), 1/16(recessive)

What’s the phenotypic ratio between 2 crossed heterozygous?

Chromosomes that can’t separate normally during meiosis. There might be 1 extra chromosome or 1 less chromosome.

What are nondisjunction chromosomes?

Down syndrome

What does nondisjunction chromosome cause?(Extra chromosome)

Normal inheritance

What does mendelian mean?

Both traits are expressed equally

What’s codominance mendelian?

Mendelian dominance is over recessive

In Mendelian dominance, what’s over recessive?

DNA is doubled before Meiosis

What happens to DNA before Meiosis?

Meiosis is split twice when you get 4 haploid gametes

What happens when you get 4 haploid gametes?

sperm(male) + ova/egg cells(female)

What are gametes consisted of?

Autosomal means that the gene is on one of the 22 pairs of chromosomes that females and males inherit equally. The 23rd pair of chromosome is the X or Y

What does autosomal mean?

The gender

What does the X or Y determine?

2 copies of the gene

For autosomal recessive, how many copies do you need?

Only need 1 copy

For autosomal dominant, how many copies do you need?

Both alleles of a gene are expressed in heterozygous offspring. 2 alleles of the same gene are expressed to show a different trait(combination of the first genotypes)

What’s codominance?

When a dominant allele completely masks the effect of another allele(recessive)

What’s complete dominance?

When neither allele is dominant. When an organism is heterozygous, it will show a third phenotype which is a blend of the other two

What’s incomplete dominance?

Having more than two alleles for one gene

What are multiple alleles?

Means that each chromosome separates independetly which in turn means that you could get the maternal copy of the chromosome or the paternal copy of the chromosome for each of them

What’s independent assortment?

Diploid

What type are ALL CELLS(except gametes) in your body?

Law of Dominance, Law of Segregation, Law of Independent Assortment

What are the 3 laws of dominance?

Some alleles are dominant others are recessive

What’s the law of dominance?

Organisms inherit 2 copies of each gene, 1 from each parent, and only pass on 1 copy of each gene in their gametes

What’s the law of segregation?

Genes for different traits assort independently during the formation of gametes

What’s the law of independent assortment?

AA, BB, AB, Ao, Bo, oo

What are all the different blood types?

Controlled by more than one gene, and each gene may have two or more alleles

What’s polygenic inheritance?

Genes that are physically located on the same chromosome will be inherited together

What are linked genes?

Genes on sex chromosomes, if on X, “X-linked”, if on Y, “Y-linked”

What are sex-linked genes?

Gene causing the trait/disorder is located on X chromosome

What’s X-linked genes?

Gene mutations and Chromosome mutations

What are the 2 types of mutations?

Chromosome mutation

What type of mutation is nondisjunction?

Chromosomes do not separate correctly during anaphase, resulting in 1 or 3 chromosomes rather than 2 per cell

What’s nondisjuction?

Crossing over in meiosis I

What’s different about meiosis I and meiosis II?

When one gene depends on another gene for it to be expressed

What’s epistasis?