Clinical Nutrition: Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, and Metabolism

These flashcards cover key concepts from the lecture on clinical nutrition focusing on the processes of ingestion, digestion, absorption, and metabolism, as well as the organs involved.

What is the process of engulfing a food substance into the mouth called?

Ingestion

What is the main function of the stomach in digestion?

To mix and propel food mass into a semiliquid form called chyme.

What is the role of the pancreas in the digestive system?

It secretes enzymes for the digestion of macronutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

What triggers the release of bile from the gallbladder?

The presence of acidic chyme in the duodenum.

Define metabolism in the context of nutrition.

Metabolism involves the chemical changes in the cell that produce materials for energy, tissue building, and metabolic controls.

What is the difference between anabolism and catabolism?

Anabolism is the building up of larger substances from smaller units; catabolism is the breaking down of larger substances into smaller units.

What are villi and where are they located?

Villi are small, finger-like projections located in the small intestine that aid in nutrient absorption.

In which section of the digestive system does most nutrient absorption occur?

Small intestine.

What are the two main functions of bile during digestion?

To breakdown fat and carry away waste products.

What is the main absorptive task of the large intestine?

To absorb water.

What are the primary forms of macronutrients after digestion that are absorbed by the body?

Carbohydrates are reduced to monosaccharides, fats to fatty acids and monoglycerides, and proteins to amino acids.

What is the role of the lymphatic system in nutrient transport?

It serves as an alternative route for fat-soluble nutrient absorption.

Describe the energy yield from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in kcal/g.

Carbohydrates yield 4 kcal/g, fats yield 9 kcal/g, and proteins yield 4 kcal/g.

What is the function of secretin in digestion?

Secretin stimulates gastric and pancreatic hormones.

What is the energy balance and why is it important?

Energy balance refers to the relationship between calories consumed and calories expended, crucial for maintaining optimal body weight and health.

What are the dietary reference intakes (DRIs)?

Standards set to ensure adequate nutrient intake levels for the population.