Carbohydrates

Monosacharides:

• Classifies by their numbber of carbons

• Trioses etc

Pentose

Synthesis of RNA and DNA

Hexose- Glucose

• Is an aldohexose

• Known as blood sugar

• Can also be called dextrose (enantiomer)

Galactose

same as glucose but backwards

Fructuose

• Levulose

• Honey 1:1 with glucoe

• Sweetest —> corn syrup

Hexoses

• Solids at room temperature and soluble in water

• OH and carboxyl

Disacharides

• Formation happens with the release of water- condenstation

• ANomeric carbon bonds to the OH of another carbon

Sucrose

• One unit of D-glucose and one unit of D-fructose joined by

  an alpha -1,2-glycosidic bond

Lactose

• Made up of D-galactose and one unit of D-glucose joined by

  a beta -1,4-glycosidic bond

Maltose

• Two units of D-glucose joined by an alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond

  Formed from the hydrolysis of starch

Polysaccharides

- long monosaccarade chaims om either a straign or branched conformation

Starch

• Polymer of D-glucose

• can be used as a thickening agent due to high OH content

Amylose

Long chains of glucose with C 1-4 glycosidic linkages

10-20% of plant starch

Very flexible which allows it to exist in helical conformation shapes

This helical shape allows it contain iodine. Iodine is therefore often used as a test

Amylopectin

• Also made of long chains of glucose, but often shorter than amylose

• Additionally, they have more rows and are not a single chaing

  • 1,4 and 1,6 every 24

• Most plant starch is in this form

Glycogen

• Animal starch; similar strutcure to amylopectin

• 1,4 and 1,6 significantly more often

• Located in liver and muscles 

• Hydrolyses allows it to break into glucose providing for more energy

Cellulose

• Although similar to amylose in the chains of glucose, everyother glucose is flipped over due to beta linkages

• Rigid structure

Benedicts Reagent

Aldoses and ketoses that have an OH group on the carbon nect to the carbonyl reacto to mean a precipate Cu2O

All monosaccarides are reducing sugars

Counting Rules

When counting start with the carbon below the oxygen going clockwise

Pentoses flip

Chitin

Acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine joined by beta 1,4

found incrustacions as a matrix