HOPT Endterm

Machiavelli on cruelty

Once, well-used, preventing large disorder

Machiavelli on fortuna

Overheers fortuna (lot) met virtu

Three principle causes of discord

Competition, Diffidence, Glory (gain, insecurity, reputation)

Six reasons bees and ants live sociably but humans dont

Competition for Honor and Dignity

Divergence of Common and Public Good/Gain

Reason leads to Conflict

Language can be Manipulated

Feel offended and Challenge Authority (distinction injury and damage)

Cooperation is Artificial

Spinoza defends free speech

Right essential for stable, rational state. Suppressing speech creates conflict.

Spinoza on religion

God is the universe.

Religion ethical, not set rules.

Scripture interpreted with reason.

Freedom of belief and expression.

Forcing it leads to oppression and intolerance.

Wollstonecraft on education

Women were kept “inferior” by lack of education

Wollstonecraft on upper class

Source of corruption, immorality, inequality.

Stifles personal development.

Meritocracy better.

Jeremy Bentham on Two Masters

Pain and Pleasure.

Bentham Utilitarianism

Maximise Pleasure, Minimise Pain

John Stuart Mill and Harriett Taylor on Free Speech

Suppression is theft of human progress

Only suppress when causes people direct harm, not just offense.

Social pressure and public opinion just as bad as gvt censorship.

John Stuart Mill and Harriett Taylor 3 arguments to listen

Silenced opinion may be true.

Silenced opinion may be partially true.

False Opinions can Strengthen the truth. (clearer picture)

Marx and Engels descriptions of Bourgeoisie

Dominant ruling class, owns means of production, maintain status and exploit.

Marx and Engels description of Proletariat

Commodity, forced to sell labour to live. Exploited.

Theory of the Communists

Seize means of production.

Proletariat revolution.

Classless society.

Vanguard.

Marx Engels 5 modes of production.

Primitive Communism

Slavery

Feudalism

Capitalism

Communism

Difference communism and primitive communism

Abundance (distributed across needs), vs scarcity.

Historical Materialism

History is class conflict over who has the means of production.

Link Historical Materialism and 5 modes of production.

History moves across the 5 stages, material conditions shaping ideas and society.

He-Yin Zhen on separation of Men and Women

Genders different because of treatment.

Separation tool to enslave.

Rules apply only to women, women economically dependent → ownership.

He-Yin Zhen obstacles to love

Money (inequal worth leading to oppression or monetary gain)

3 reasons for Chinese men to call for women’s liberation

Men wanted to be civilised like other countries.

Gain from women’s labour to exit poverty.

Women’s labour for comfort.

(self-distinction, self-interest, self-comfort)

He-Yin Zhen on Western Women

Marriage still driven by profit.

Upper class women don’t vow for all women.

Fascism embraces and opposes.

Embraces collective action for the nation. Embraces freedom for strong to oppress the weak. Opposes individualism. Also thinks state should tell people how to live.

fasces

hard to break bundle of sticks

Hannah Arendt on goal of totalitarian education.

Destroy ability to think critically.

Hannah Arendt on masses in totreg.

Apolitical masses can still be influenced.

Hannah Arendt two illusions on masses in totreg.

Majority takes active part.

Indifferent masses do not matter.

Hannah Arendt on law in totreg.

Positive law replaced by higher law. (man-made laws and constitutions replaced by assumed laws of ideology)

Hannah Arendt on terror in totreg.

Instrument to allow higher law (guilty is who stands in the way of higher laws).

Hannah Arendt on ideology in totreg.

Ideology is logic of an idea. Treats events as following the same rules. Guide for behaviour.

Hannah Arendt on loneliness in totreg.

Isolated people can’t act in concert.

Hannah Arendt 3 elements to ideological thinking

All-knowing explanation.

People view reality based on their ideology, beyond what they actually see.

Logical deduction (applying accepted real life ideas into ideological framework).

Hannah Arendt on freedom.

The capacity to begin anew.

Aime Cesaire on Nazism and colonialism.

Fascism stemmed from colonialism. Nazism was only seen as bad because it affected white people.

Aime Cesaire on Thingification.

Colonised are treated as things.

Aime Cesaire on effects of colonisation.

Turns colonisers uncivilised. Colonised lose culture, sees Europeans as better, Systemic Inferiority.

Frantz Fanon on wants and values of colonised.

Equality (land, bread), Dignity (no white masks), Solidarity, Culture.

Frantz Fanon on colonised violence.

Gives them confidence and dignity.

Frantz Fanon on segregation in the colonial world.

Colonised are put in an impossible position of having to be like the white people.

Kevin Pham Role of Shame

Tool for nation-building and mobilisation.

Kevin Pham Vietnamese colonisation of the Cham and Khmer.

Tension because Vietnam coloniser and colonised. Resisted France more bcs colonised the land themselves. Colonial past source of pride.

Tonkin Free School civilisation.

Become civilised be raising public intellect.

Tonkin Free School attitudes and behaviours Euro vs Viet

Euro seen as advanced, smart, constantly improving. Viet viewed as stagnant, uninnovative, uninterested, resisting new ideas.

Tonkin Free School six reforms

1. romanise alphabet for easier learning.

2. Focus more on Western history than Viet or Chinese.

3. Reform exam system to expand knowledge and intellect.

4. Give good students jobs to encourage people towards education.

5. Promote industry.

6. Develop press.

Phan Chau Trinh on monarchy.

Tyranny that hinders progress.

Phan Chau trinh on democracy.

Way to fulfill traditional Confucian ideals. Fair because of rule of law.

Phan Chau Trinh on Patriotism

There is none, but with democracy people can see their country and be proud.

Ho Chi Minh 5 things in revolutionary morality.

1. Benevolence.

2. Sense of Duty.

3. Knowledge.

4. Courage.

5. Integrity.

Ho Chi Minh on Mistakes.

Mistakes must be admitted to and then corrected.

Ho Chi Minh on Individualism.

Revolutionaries must not be individualistic. Individual interests must reflect will of the party.