Biology Unit 1

kms

Atoms

Smallest part of matter (non-living)

molecules

2 or more bonded atoms, form compounds (non-living)

macromolecules

AKA biomolecules, large molecules (non-living)

4 kinds of biomolecules

Proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, fats (lipids)

Protien example

meat

Carbohydrates

bread

Lipids

butter

Nucleic acid

dna

organelles

made of macromolecules

cells

Made of organelles, Basic unit of structure & function (living)

tissue

Made of organelles, Basic unit of structure & function (living)

organs

Tissues that work together (living)

organ system

Organs that work together (living)

organism

Entire living things, Usually made of systems, May be a single cell

population

Same type of organisms living together

community

Several populations living together, Populations interact

biome

Similar ecosystems on Earth together

biosphere

Whole living layer around the globe, Includes abiotic features

monomers

make up biomolecules

carbs

sugar

good carbs

fruits, greens, non-starchy vegetables

bad carbs

white pasta, soda, sugary cereal

function of carbs

quick energy

monomer of carbs

monosaccharide (glucose)

polysaccharides

many monosaccharides, ex: starch and cellulose

elements in carbohydrates

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

Lipids

fats

good lipids

avocados, flax seeds, olive oil

bad lipids

red meat, fried food, seafood

functions of lipids

energy storage (long term), Insulation (cushion vital organs)

Lipids make up...

cellular membranes and hormones

monomers of lipids

glycerol and fatty acids

elements in lipids

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

Two types of lipids

saturated, unsaturated

saturated fats

harder to break down and are solid at room temperature (butter)

unsaturated fats

easier to break down and are much better for you (olive oil)

Protien

Structure

Functions of Proteins

Expression of a trait, Build and Repair Body Structures (muscles, hair, nails, etc), Enzymes

monomers of protein

amino acids

polymer of protein

polypeptide

Elements in protein

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

Nucleic acids

DNA & RNA

Function of nucleic acids

store and pass on genetic information

monomer of nucleic acids

nucleotide

elements in nucleic acids

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus

enzymes

proteins (end in -ase)

enzyme functions

increase the rate of chemical reactions by decreasing the activation energy

how enzymes work

bind to a specific substrate and break them down, creating new products

active site

where the enzyme and substrate bind perfectly

factors that change the shape of the enzyme

Temperature, pH, Concentration

The Cell Theory (3 part)

Every living thing is made of one or more cells, The cell is the basic unit of structure and function, All cells come from other cells.

Ribosomes

make protein

Cytoplasm

fluid

DNA

genetic material

Prokaryotic Cells

First cells, Simple cells, Bacteria, do NOT have a nucleus
DNA floats within cytoplasm

Prokaryotic cell example

Bacteria: E. coli

Eukaryotic Cells

Cells found in plants, animals, protists, and fungi

Parts of Eukaryotic Cells (4 parts)

Cell membrane, Cytoplasm, Nucleus, Organelles

Nucleus

Contains the instructions for building a cell and controlling its functions

Nuclear Membrane

outer boundary

Nucleoplasm

liquid inside nucleus

Nucleolus

makes ribosomes

DNA or Chromatin

information storage

Mitochondria

POWERHOUSE BITCH (energy center)

What mitochondria does

uses oxygen and glucose in a process called cellular respiration

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Transport, "intracellular highway"

Rough ER

contains ribosomes

Smooth ER

no ribosomes

Golgi Apparatus

packages and exports proteins, like a factory or a post office

vesicle

the package that can be sent out of the cell

Protein Production (4 steps)

1. DNA has instructions to build protein
2. Instructions are sent to ribosomes
3. The ribosomes build protein and sends it through ER
4. The proteins go to golgi body where they are packaged for export

Lysosome

Contains digestive enzymes which breaks things down, also called the"suicide sac”

Cytoskeleton functions

Helps cell maintain shape, Involved in movement, Microtubules provide a framework, Includes centrioles for cell division

Flagella

tail-like structures, cells may be one of two

Cilia

shorter, hair-like structures, cell have many

vacuole

storage area for water and other substances, plant cells usually have a large central vacuole

Plant Cells and Animal Cells differences (4)

1. A large central vacuole stores water.
2. Chloroplasts are used to capture sunlight to create food (photosynthesis)
3. A cell wall surrounds the cell (outside the membrane)
4. Square-shaped

cell membrane functions

controls what goes in and out of the cell, helps maintain homeostasis by allowing nutrients in and moving waste out of the cell.

homeostasis

Internal balance (lets nutrients in and waste out)

cell membrane made up of

two phospholipid layers, embedded with proteins, carbs, and cholesterol

phospholipid parts (3)

phosphate head, glycerol, two fatty acid chains

Phosphate head

Polar, Attracts water, Hydrophilic

lipid tails

Non-polar, Repel water, Hydrophobic, Fatty acids

Embedded Proteins (3 types)

Transport (channel) proteins, Recognition proteins, Receptor proteins

Transport (channel) proteins

Regulate movement of molecules through membrane

Recognition proteins

Serve as attachment sites for ID markers, Your body cells can recognize each other as “self”, not “invader”, Carbohydrates attached

Receptor proteins

Binding sites for attachment of molecules, Active sites are shaped to fit specific signal molecules, Activate a cell response

cholesterol molecules

Hold 2 layers together, Provides structure, More cholesterol= stronger & less fluid

cell transport

moves molecules into and out of the cell to maintain homeostasis

Passive Transport

Molecules moving from high concentration to low concentration, Moves down (with) concentration gradient, Does not require energy

types of passive transport (3)

diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

Diffusion

Individual particles move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, Random movement

Facilitated Diffusion

Movement of molecules that are too large to pass through a selectively permeable membrane, Uses transport proteins, Fast & specific

Osmosis

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, Moves from HIGH water potential (low solute) to LOW water potential (high solute)

Isotonic

Water moves in and out of the cell at the same rate, Cell does not change in size

Hypertonic

Concentration of dissolved substances in the solution is higher than inside the cell (less water outside), Water moves out of the cell, Cell shrinks

Hypotonic

Concentration of dissolved substances in the solution is lower than inside the cell (more water outside), Water moves into the cell, Cell swells (expands)

Active Transport

Molecules move from low concentration to high concentration, Moves up (against) the concentration gradient, Requires energy

types of active transport (3)

Membrane Pump, Endocytosis, Exocytosis

Membrane Pump

Against gradient, Uses transport proteins, Specific binding sites, Activated by ATP (energy)