WSU SLP 5090 chapter 1

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92 Terms

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anatomy

structure of an organism

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physiology

function of a living organism and its components

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applied anatomy

applies anatomy to diagnosing and treating

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descriptive anatomy

relates body parts to functional systems

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pathological anatomy

studies changes in body parts due to disease

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gross anatomy

studies body parts without a microscope

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microscopic anatomy

studies body parts with a microscope

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developmental anatomy

studies growth and development from birth

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cystology

examines cell structure & function, tissues

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histology

studies tissues with a microscope

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osteology

studies bone structure & bone function

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arthrology

studies joints

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angiography

studies blood vessels and lymphatic system

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neurology

studies the nervous system

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myology

studies muscle structure and function

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anatomy terminology

includes terms used to describe anatomical structures, terms derived from Latin or Greek roots

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trunk/torso

composed of the thorax (chest) and abdomen

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dorsal trunk

the back

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pelvis

formed by the hip bones

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caput

head or skull, located on top of the trunk

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upper & lower extremities

attached to the trunk

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cranial portion of the skull

contains the brain and its components

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facial portion

contains the oral and nasal cavities, teeth, face

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cranial cavity

houses the brain, vertebral canal (spinal cord)

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thoracic cavity

houses the lungs and related structures

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pericardial cavity

houses the heart

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abdominal cavity

houses the digestive organs

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anatomical position

body erect, palms, arms & hands face forward

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axis

the imaginary midline around which the body pivots

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axial skeleton

head & trunk, spinal cord is the axis

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appendicular skeleton

appendages (lower limbs & upper limbs)

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coronal plane

separates the front of the body from the back of the body

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transverse plane

separates the top of the body from the bottom of the body

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sagittal plane

separates the right half of the body from the left half of the body

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anterior or ventral surface

front of body

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posterior or dorsal surface

back of body

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superficial surface

surface of body

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peripheral surface

direction toward the surface

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deep surface

direction away from the surface

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superior

upper regions of the body

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inferior

lower regions of the body

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prone position

body horizontal with face down (superman)

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supine position

body horizontal with face up

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lateral

the side, further from the midline

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proximal

point closest to the trunk

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distal

point farthest from the trunk

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flexion

bending at a joint

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extension

straightening out a joint

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plantar

sole of the foot

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palmar

palm of the hand

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medial

closer to the midline

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oblique plane

diagonal angle

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epithelial tissue

covers surfaces of the body, covers linings of cavities and passageways, acts as a barrier against hostile agents such as infectious organisms, prevents dehydration & fluid loss

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connective tissue

binds together and supports tissues & organs, may be solid, liquid, or gel-like, many different types

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areolar tissue

type of connective tissue that is elastic/between muscles

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adipose tissue

type of connective tissue, cells with fat gobules/between muscles

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white fibrous tissue

type of connective tissue that is strong and covers organs/muscles

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yellow elastic tissue

type of connective tissue, trachea & lungs/helps with recoil

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lymphoid tissue

type of connective tissue, tonsils & adnoids

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cartilage

type of firm & flexible connective tissue

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blood

type of connective tissue made of plasma & blood cells

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bone tissue

hardest form of connective tissue

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muscular tissue

contractile/movable, types include voluntary striated muscle (skeletal), involuntary smooth muscle, cardiac muscle

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striated muscle tissue

muscles that we can control

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smooth muscle tissue

muscles that we cannot control

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nervous tissue

specialized for communication, consists of neurons/nerve cells, functions to transfer info from one neuron to another, from neuron to muscle, or from sensory receptors to other neural entities

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organs

aggregates of tissues combined together to perform a special function, all serve the same general purpose

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fascia

membrane that surrounds organs

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ligaments

fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilage

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tendons

connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone or cartilage

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bones

all bones begin as a cartilaginous mass, points of articulation between bones is made of cartilage

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diarthrodial/synovial joints

highly mobile, joint cavities contain lubricating synovial fluid, include plane (gliding) joints, ball-and-socket joints, & hinge joints

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amphiarthrodial/cartilaginous joints

slightly mobile, cartilage forms a union between 2 joints; synchondrosis, symphysis

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origin

where the muscle starts; the point of attachment of the least mobile element

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insertion

where the muscle ends/the part that moves when a muscle contracts

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synarthrodial/fibrous joints

immobile, bound by fibrous ligaments, sutures, located between bones of the skull joints

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muscles

aggregates of contractive muscle fibers with a common function make up muscles; can shorten to about half their length

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agonists

muscles that move structures

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antagonists

muscles that oppose contraction of agonists

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synergists

muscles that stabilize structures

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muscle innervation

muscles are innervated by a single nerve; can be sensory (afferent) or excitatory (efferent)

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motor unit

consists of one efferent (excitatory) nerve fiber and the muscle fibers it innervates

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body systems

groups of organs that work together to perform a specific function; failure/deficiency of an organ causes functional disorders; organs can be part of more than one system

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muscular system

smooth, straight, and cardiac muscle

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skeletal system

bones & cartilage

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respiratory system

oral, nasal, & pharyngeal cavities, trachea & bronchial passageway, lungs

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digestive system

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, liver, intestines, glands

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reproductive system

ovaries & testes

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urinary system

kidneys, bladders, ureters, urethra

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endocrine system

glands that produce hormones

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nervous system

nerve tissue & central/peripheral nervous system structures

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systems for speech

respiratory, phonatory, articulatory/resonatory, and nervous systems; speech requires the integrated action of all 4 systems