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anatomy
structure of an organism
physiology
function of a living organism and its components
applied anatomy
applies anatomy to diagnosing and treating
descriptive anatomy
relates body parts to functional systems
pathological anatomy
studies changes in body parts due to disease
gross anatomy
studies body parts without a microscope
microscopic anatomy
studies body parts with a microscope
developmental anatomy
studies growth and development from birth
cystology
examines cell structure & function, tissues
histology
studies tissues with a microscope
osteology
studies bone structure & bone function
arthrology
studies joints
angiography
studies blood vessels and lymphatic system
neurology
studies the nervous system
myology
studies muscle structure and function
anatomy terminology
includes terms used to describe anatomical structures, terms derived from Latin or Greek roots
trunk/torso
composed of the thorax (chest) and abdomen
dorsal trunk
the back
pelvis
formed by the hip bones
caput
head or skull, located on top of the trunk
upper & lower extremities
attached to the trunk
cranial portion of the skull
contains the brain and its components
facial portion
contains the oral and nasal cavities, teeth, face
cranial cavity
houses the brain, vertebral canal (spinal cord)
thoracic cavity
houses the lungs and related structures
pericardial cavity
houses the heart
abdominal cavity
houses the digestive organs
anatomical position
body erect, palms, arms & hands face forward
axis
the imaginary midline around which the body pivots
axial skeleton
head & trunk, spinal cord is the axis
appendicular skeleton
appendages (lower limbs & upper limbs)
coronal plane
separates the front of the body from the back of the body
transverse plane
separates the top of the body from the bottom of the body
sagittal plane
separates the right half of the body from the left half of the body
anterior or ventral surface
front of body
posterior or dorsal surface
back of body
superficial surface
surface of body
peripheral surface
direction toward the surface
deep surface
direction away from the surface
superior
upper regions of the body
inferior
lower regions of the body
prone position
body horizontal with face down (superman)
supine position
body horizontal with face up
lateral
the side, further from the midline
proximal
point closest to the trunk
distal
point farthest from the trunk
flexion
bending at a joint
extension
straightening out a joint
plantar
sole of the foot
palmar
palm of the hand
medial
closer to the midline
oblique plane
diagonal angle
epithelial tissue
covers surfaces of the body, covers linings of cavities and passageways, acts as a barrier against hostile agents such as infectious organisms, prevents dehydration & fluid loss
connective tissue
binds together and supports tissues & organs, may be solid, liquid, or gel-like, many different types
areolar tissue
type of connective tissue that is elastic/between muscles
adipose tissue
type of connective tissue, cells with fat gobules/between muscles
white fibrous tissue
type of connective tissue that is strong and covers organs/muscles
yellow elastic tissue
type of connective tissue, trachea & lungs/helps with recoil
lymphoid tissue
type of connective tissue, tonsils & adnoids
cartilage
type of firm & flexible connective tissue
blood
type of connective tissue made of plasma & blood cells
bone tissue
hardest form of connective tissue
muscular tissue
contractile/movable, types include voluntary striated muscle (skeletal), involuntary smooth muscle, cardiac muscle
striated muscle tissue
muscles that we can control
smooth muscle tissue
muscles that we cannot control
nervous tissue
specialized for communication, consists of neurons/nerve cells, functions to transfer info from one neuron to another, from neuron to muscle, or from sensory receptors to other neural entities
organs
aggregates of tissues combined together to perform a special function, all serve the same general purpose
fascia
membrane that surrounds organs
ligaments
fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilage
tendons
connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone or cartilage
bones
all bones begin as a cartilaginous mass, points of articulation between bones is made of cartilage
diarthrodial/synovial joints
highly mobile, joint cavities contain lubricating synovial fluid, include plane (gliding) joints, ball-and-socket joints, & hinge joints
amphiarthrodial/cartilaginous joints
slightly mobile, cartilage forms a union between 2 joints; synchondrosis, symphysis
origin
where the muscle starts; the point of attachment of the least mobile element
insertion
where the muscle ends/the part that moves when a muscle contracts
synarthrodial/fibrous joints
immobile, bound by fibrous ligaments, sutures, located between bones of the skull joints
muscles
aggregates of contractive muscle fibers with a common function make up muscles; can shorten to about half their length
agonists
muscles that move structures
antagonists
muscles that oppose contraction of agonists
synergists
muscles that stabilize structures
muscle innervation
muscles are innervated by a single nerve; can be sensory (afferent) or excitatory (efferent)
motor unit
consists of one efferent (excitatory) nerve fiber and the muscle fibers it innervates
body systems
groups of organs that work together to perform a specific function; failure/deficiency of an organ causes functional disorders; organs can be part of more than one system
muscular system
smooth, straight, and cardiac muscle
skeletal system
bones & cartilage
respiratory system
oral, nasal, & pharyngeal cavities, trachea & bronchial passageway, lungs
digestive system
oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, liver, intestines, glands
reproductive system
ovaries & testes
urinary system
kidneys, bladders, ureters, urethra
endocrine system
glands that produce hormones
nervous system
nerve tissue & central/peripheral nervous system structures
systems for speech
respiratory, phonatory, articulatory/resonatory, and nervous systems; speech requires the integrated action of all 4 systems