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Olfactory nerve

Sensory nerves for smell

Optic nerve

Sensory nerve for vision

Oculomotor nerves

Nerves for eye movement and pupil size

Trochlear nerves

Motor nerves for eye movement

Trigeminal nerves

Sensory and motor nerves for face, nose, and mouth sensations for chewing

Abducens nerves

Motor nerves respopnsible for eye movements

Facial nerves

Nerves associated with taste (sensory), facial expression (motor), and production of tears and saliva (parasympathetic dibers of motor neurons)

Glossopharyngeal nerves

mixed nerves for sensation and swallowing of the pharynx

Vague nerves

sensory and parasympathetic nerves supplying the pharynx, larynx and the viscera of the thorax and abdomen.

Accessory nerves

motor nerves for neck muscles, pharynx, and larynx

hypoglossal nerves

motor nerves for movement of tongue (speaking), chewing and swallowing.

Meninges

Wraps around the brain and spinal cord for protection.

Dura mater

-Outermost layer of the meninges

-Consist of tough connective tissuethat provides a protective barrier for the brain and spinal cord. Connected to the inner surface of the cranium but is separated from the vertebral canal by the epidural space.

Arachnoid mater

-Inferior to the dura mater

-Thin webbing over the brain and spinal cordthat helps cushion and protect the central nervous system.

Subarachnoid space

The space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater that contains cerebrospinal fluid, providing cushioning and support for the brain and spinal cord.

Pia mater

-Innermost layer of the meninges

-Supplies nerves and blood vessels to the outer cells of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.

Dementia

A collection of symptoms that can be caused by a number of disorders affecting the brain (category)

Alzheimers

-Most common form of dementia

-Neurons in the brain associated with memory and cognition are replaced by abnormal clumps and tangles of protein.

Vascular dementia

-Second most common form of dementia

-Gradually comes in when blood flow to the brain is reduced, often due to stroke or other vascular conditions.

-Confusion, delirum, reaction ti medication, metabolic abnormality, nutritional deficiency, emotion problems, infections

Stroke (Cerebrovascular accident)

-Sudden interruption to brain blood supply, thus hypoxia

-Cell death

Ischemic stroke

-Type of stroke

-90% are caaused by atherosclerosis, embolism, and microangiopathy

Hemorrhagic stroke

-Burst of brain blood vessel

Cerebral aneurysm or Arteriovenous malformation

hemiparesis

Weakness on one side of the body

hemiplegia

Paralysis on one side of the body

ischemia

Lack of blood supply to a tissue

microangiopathy

Disease of capillaries

Guillain-Barre syndrome

-a rare neurological disorder where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the peripheral nervous system, leading to weakness and sometimes paralysis.

-Treatment with corticosteroids

Paresthesias

Change in sensationsuch as tingling or numbness, often experienced in the extremities.

Multiple sclerosis

most common demyelination disorder

encephalitis

inflammation of brain cells

Tay-Sachs disease

Disease in which fat buildup in neurons of the brain and spinal cord cause their destruction

Cerebral palsy

-Motor impairment as a resultof brain damage during development or injury.

-Not hereditary

-Can be cause by maternal use of cocaine

Spastic

Tight muscles that are resilient to stretching.

Athenoid

Difficulty in controlling and coordinating movement

Ataxic

Poor sense in balance and depth perception

Absence seizure

A brief loss of consciousness or awareness, often accompanied by subtle body movements, typically lasting only a few seconds.

Epilepsy

a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain.

febrile

seizures that occur in young children, often triggered by fever.

postictal

the state of confusion or altered consciousness following a seizure.

Status epilepticus

a medical emergency characterized by prolonged seizures or a series of seizures without recovery in between.

tic

a sudden, repetitive muscle movement or sound, often involuntary.

tonic-clonic-seizure

a type of generalized seizure that involves a combination of tonic (stiffening) and clonic (jerking) phases, often resulting in loss of consciousness.

gliomas

a type of tumor that originates in the glial cells of the brain or spinal cord, often associated with neurological symptoms.

gliomablastoma multiforme

a highly aggressive type of glioma known for rapid growth and resistance to treatment, commonly found in the brain.

most malignant

bovine spongiform encephalopathy

a progressive neurodegenerative disease in cattle, caused by prions, leading to sponge-like degeneration of the brain.

cataplexy

Loss of muscle tone followed by paralysis

Cephalalgia

Pain of head

Chorea

Involuntary muscle movements that are irregular and unpredictable.

Creutzfeld-Jakob disease

A rare, degenerative brain disorder that leads to dementia and is caused by prions.

festinant

Shuffling, falling-forward gait

Huntington chorea

A genetic disorder characterized by progressive motor dysfunction, cognitive decline, and psychiatric symptoms, caused by the degeneration of nerve cells in the brain.

parenchyma

The functional tissue of an organ, consisting of cells that perform specific tasks as opposed to supporting structures.

prion

Small infectious protein particle

Reye syndrome

a rare but serious condition that causes swelling in the liver and brain, often associated with aspirin use in children recovering from viral infections.

Syncope

a temporary loss of consciousness due to reduced blood flow to the brain, often referred to as fainting.

Tourette syndrome

Disorder of multiple motor and vocal tics

Tremor

Small, shaking, involuntary, repetitive movements of hands, extremities, neck or jaw

Contusion

Bruising of a tissue, including brain

Concussion

Mild brain injury

Edema

Swelling caused by excess fluid in tissues.

Bell palsy

Paresis or paralysis on one side of the face

Hemifacial

Pertaining to one side of the face

Horner syndrome

a rare condition resulting from disruption of sympathetic nerves to the eye, characterized by drooping eyelid, constricted pupil, and loss of sweating on one side of the face.

Meningioma

Tumor araising from the arachnoid layer of meninges

Cervical spondylosis

Degenerative changes in the cervical spine, often due to aging, causing neck pain and stiffness.

Syringomyelina

Fluid-filled cavities grow in spinal cord, which compress nerves that detect pain and temperature.

Carpal

Pertaining to wrist

Carpal tunnel

Compression of the median nerve in the wrist

Charcot joint

Bone and joint destruction secondary to neuropathy and loss of sensation.

Mononeuropathy

A condition affecting a single nerve, leading to motor or sensory deficits.

Sciatica

Pain that radiates along the sciatic nerve, typically affecting one leg.

Spina bifida

Failure of one or more vertebral arches to fetal development

Teratogen

Agent that produces fetal deformities

Microvascular decompression

Surgery to treat an artery or vein that is pressing the cranial nerve and causing pain or dysfunction.

Deep brain stimulation

A surgical procedure that involves implanting electrodes in specific brain areas to alleviate symptoms of neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease and essential tremor.

Endoscopic pituitary surgery

A minimally invasive procedure to remove tumors or lesions from the pituitary gland through the nasal cavity.

shunt

A device implanted to redirect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) away from the brain, used to treat conditions like hydrocephalus.

Stimulants

Substances that increase brain activity, often used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy.

Sedatives

Substances that depress the central nervous system, used to induce relaxation or sleep.

Opiates

Depress nerve transmissions in the synapse of sensory pathways of the brain and the spinal cord.

Inhibit centers in the brain controlling coughing, breathing, and intestinal motility.

Antagonists

Substances that block or reduce the effects of neurotransmitters or other drugs by binding to receptors without activating them.

Tranquilizers

Like sedatives but without the sleep-inducing effects

Psychedelics

Distort sensory perception, partially sight andd sound.

Tetrahydrocannabinol

The main psychoactive component of cannabis, known for its effects on mood, perception, and appetite.

leptin

A hormone that helps regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger, thus promoting satiety.

Adipose tissue

melatonin

A hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles, produced by the pineal gland in response to darkness.

Secreted by pineal gland

oxytocin

Hypothalamic hormone, stored in the P.pituitary that stimulates uterus to contract

Parathyroid

Endocrine glands embedded in the back of the thyroid gland

Prostaglandin

Hormone present in many tissues, but first isolated from gland

Seasonal Affective Disorder

A type of depression that occurs at a specific time of year, usually in winter, due to reduced sunlight exposure.

Serotonin

A neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous system.

Adenohypophysis

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, responsible for producing and releasing various hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

Adrenal gland

The suprarenal or adrenal gland on the upper pole of each kidney

Adenocorticotropic hormone

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol.

Antidiuretic hormone

A hormone produced by the posterior pituitary gland that helps regulate water balance in the body by promoting water reabsorption in the kidneys.

Corticosteroid

A class of steroid hormones produced in the adrenal cortex, including cortisol and aldosterone, that regulate various physiological processes.

Corticotropin

Another name for adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), it stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol.

hypophysis

The pituitary gland, which is often referred to as the master gland, regulates various hormonal functions in the body.

neurohypophysis

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, responsible for the release of hormones such as oxytocin and vasopressin.

prolactin

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates milk production in nursing mothers and plays a role in reproductive health.