SPC- chapter 1

3 kids got alcohol poisoning last night and had to go to the hospital

communication

In history, public speaking has been a vital form of ____

ideas, influence

Public speaking is used to spread _____ and _____

technical, verbal

Many companies look for people with both ____ AND ____ communication skills

-Civic Engagement

-Create Change

Why is PS needed in community? (2 reasons)

Thousands of years (Ancient times)

How long has PS been around?

Orator

someone with special public speaking skills

Egypt; 4,500 years ago

When and where was the oldest handbook on effective speech written?

Aristotle (Greece), Cicero (Rome)

Orators in Ancient Times

Eloquence

What did many ancient cultures value in relation to PS?

Eloquence

the quality of speech or writing that is marked by fluency, elegancy, and persuasiveness

Aristotle’s Rhetoric

Composed 3rd Century BC; still considered most important work on PS and used as a guideline for speeches today

Cicero

Ancient Roman orator who used speeches to defend liberty and wrote works about PS

scientific

Presently, communication researchers now utilize a ______ approach to the strategy of effective PS

1. Organizing your thoughts logically (step-by-step ideas)

2. Tailoring your message to the audience (identify ethos of aud.)

3. Telling a story for max impact (build thoughtful stories)

4. Adapting to listener feedback (use aud. reaction as guide)

Public Speaking and Conversation Similarities (4)

1. PS is more complexly structured (time limits, planned, audience feedback)

2. PS requires more formal language (no slang, bad grammar, dress code, “special“)

3. PS requires different delivery method (projection, posture, no stock phrases or vocalized pauses)

Public Speaking and Conversation Differences (3)

Stock Phrases

words such as (well, you know)

Vocalized Pauses

words such as (uh, er, um)

Stage Fright

a universal phenomenon that cuts across language, culture, and national borders

first

In a ranking of fears among students, public speaking is ____ and is joined by other forms of comm. anxiety

Nervousness

your body’s response to stress, happens by producing extra adrenaline

64

Survey of undergraduate students showed __% reported being fearful of public speaking

Transform negative force into positive nervousness

How can you cope with nervousness?

Positive Nervousness

a zesty, enthusiastic lively feeling that devictimizes nervousness and promotes focus, control, and energy

1. Acquire Speaking Experience

2. Preparation

3. Positive Thinking

4. Visualization

5. Recognize Most Nervousness Isn’t Visible

6. Don’t Expect Perfection

6 ways to transform nervousness into positive force

at least 5 to 1

What is the ratio of positive to negative thoughts that psychologists support?

• Be at your physical/mental best

• Find an outlet for your extra adrenaline (muscle movement, etc.)

• Deep breathing

• Focus on getting through introduction

• Eye contact with audience

• Concentrate on communication

• Visual Aid (helps draw attention away from you)

Extra tips for dealing with nervouness (besides big 6)

Critical Thinking

Focused, organized thinking; ability to clearly see relationships among ideas

• Separating fact from opinion

• Judging credibility

• Assessing soundness of evidence

Critical thinking involves (3)

Organizing

_____ speeches is an important part of shaping the ideas of your speech themselves

improves

Public speaking ____ critical thinking skills

• Speaker

• Message

• Channel

• Listener

• Feedback

• Interference

• Situation

7 Elements of Speech Communications

Speaker

the person who is presenting an oral message to a listener; requires enthusiasm

1. Personal credibility

2. Knowledge of subject

3. Preparation of speech

4. Manner of speaking

5. Sensitivity to audience/occasion

What can affect your ability as a speaker? (5)

Message

what the speaker wants to communicate

Verbal and Nonverbal

Types of messages in a speech

Verbal Message

what you say (research, organization)

Non-Verbal Organization

How you say it (tone, posture, facial expression, eye contact)

Channel

The means by which a message is communicated (ex. Radio vs Television audience)

Listener

The person who receive the communicated message

communication

If there is no listener, there is no ____

Frame of Reference

the sum of a person’s knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes; no 2 people can have exactly the same _____

No

Can the meaning of a message ever be exactly the same to listener as to speaker?

audience

Speakers must be ___-centered

Feedback

The messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker

Interference

Anything that impedes the communication of a message; can be external or internal to listeners

Internal and External

Types of Interference

Try to hold listener’s attention

How to avoid interference as a speaker

Situation

The time and place in which speech communication occurs; physical setting is crucial to consider

Helpful diagram

international multiculturalism

We live in an age of ________  connected by corporations

complex

As cultural diversity increases, speechmaking becomes more ______

Ethnocentrism

The belief that one’s own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures

cultural factors, perspective

Consider _______ and ____ when speaking AND listening; treat everyone equally