animal anatomy lab exam 3

pulmonary circulation

pumps blood from heart to lungs (to be oxygenated)

systemic circulation

pumps blood from heart to rest of body

pericardium

membranous sac surrounding the heart

parietal pericardium

outer layer of the pericardium

visceral pericardium

inner layer of pericardium (tightly adhered to the heart)

arteries

carry blood away from the heart

veins

carry blood to the heart

epicardium

outer layer of the heart (same as visceral pericarium)

myocardium

thick middle layer of heart

endocardium

inner layer of heart made up of simple squamous epithelium

endothelium

inner lining of blood vessels continuous with the endocardium

mammals/birds have how many chambers in their heart?

4

reptiles/amphibians have how many chambers in their heart?

3

fish have how many chambers in their heart?

2

top chambers of the heart

atrium

bottom chambers of the heart

ventricles

atrioventricular valves

separates atrium from ventricle

another name for left atrioventricular valve

bicuspid or mitral valve

another name for right atrioventricular valve

tricuspid

passive closure

close by the pressure of blood flowing through them into a chamber

chordae tendinae

fibers attached to valves which pull it closed when papillary muscles contract preventing back flow of blood

aortic semilunar valve

on left side of heart, between left ventricle and aorta

pulmonary semilunar valve

on right side of heart, between right ventricle and pulmonary artery

ventricular septum

separates left and right side of heart

cycle of blood flow

vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, rest of body

auricles

flaps on the atria to increase the volume

coronary arteries

blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle

diaphragm

muscles that is important for breathing and separates thoracic and abdominal cavities

what structures pass though the diaphragm

esophagus, aorta, and vena cava

structures in the abdominal cavity (13)

peritoneum, omentum, stomach, small intestine (duodenum (pancreas), jejunum, ileum), cecum, large intestine, liver, gall bladder, spleen, kidney, adrenal gland, bladder, ureters

peritoneum

connective tissue with a single layer of squamous epithelium that lines the abdominal cavity

omentum

an extension of the peritoneum which lies over the abdominal organs and contains fatty deposits for protection

stomach

muscular pouch, continuation of esophagus, cardiac and pyloric sphincters

duodenum

first part of the small intestine, no arcade, not very movable, has pancreas attached, common bile and pancreatic duct enter here (most digestion takes plave here)

jejunum

mid section of small intestine (50-75%), movable, arcade of mesentery

mesentery

part of peritoneum that has lots of blood vessels, lymphatic ducts, and lymph nodes)

ileum

third part of the small intestine, very short (1-2")

cecum

the cavity into which the ileum opens and the large intestine begins

large intestine

(ascending, transverse, descending, colon), rectum, anus

liver

multi-lobed organ (5 in cats)

gall bladder

stores bile which emulsifies fats during digestion

spleen

immune system organ (removal of foreign materials by macrophages)

kidney

filters waste from the blood like urea, water, salt and proteins.

adrenal gland

anterior end of kidney

bladder

stores urine

ureters

transport urine from kidneys to bladder

structures of the thoracic cavity (7)

pleura, thymus, lungs, pericardium, heart, trachea, esophagus

pleura

connective tissue with a single layer of squamous epithelium that lines the thoracic cavity (same as peritoneum but in thoracic cavity)

thymus

immune system organ

lungs

multi-lobed organ in thoracic cavity

The right lung has ______ lobes; the left lung has ______ lobes.

4, 2 (to make room for the heart)

trachea

windpipe kept open by cartilage rings

the trachea lies ____ to the esophagus

ventral

structures of nervous system (5)

vagus nerve, celiac ganglion, sciatic nerve, femoral nerve, brachial plexus

vagus nerve

white chord next to carotid (one of the 12 cranial nerves)

celiac ganglion

above adrenal gland, associated with sympathetic nervous system

ganglion meaning

group of nerve cell bodies outside of CNS

sciatic nerve

very large nerve found in deep muscle of upper leg (vets give injections here for temporary of permanent paralysis)

femoral nerve

found on superficial muscles of the medial portion of the upper leg

brachial plexus

large bundle of nerves heading out of spinal cord towards foreleg into arm and neck region

arteries are smaller or larger than veins?

smaller

arterioles

smallest arteries, less elastic connective tissue more smooth muscle to help move blood

capillaries

smallest blood vessels, one layer of epithelial cells, where oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer occurs

venules

smallest veins

lymph

fluid lost out of blood vessels into interstitial space

lymphatic system

the network of vessels through which lymph drains from the tissues into the blood

thoracic duct

largest lymph vessel that dumps lymph back into circulatory system just before the vena cava enters the heart

lymph nodes

areas along the lymphatic vessels that are specially designed to filter the fluid coming through them

two loops of systemic circulation

head and rest of body

subclavian arteries

take blood to the forelegs

carotid arteries

take blood to the head

3 unpaired arteries

celiac artery, cranial mesenteric artery, caudal mesenteric artery

3 subdivisions of celiac artery

gastric, splenic, hepatic

cranial mesenteric artery

supplies most of the small and large intestine and pancreas

caudal mesenteric artery

supplies blood to the last part of large intestine (colon)

renal arteries

supply blood to the kidneys

2 common iliac arteries

internal and external arteries that supply blood to legs

median sacral artery

supplies blood to tail and bladder

subclavian artery (other names)

subclavian, axillary, brachial, median, common digital, proper digital

external iliac artery (other names)

external iliac, femoral, popliteal, tibial, great metatarsal, proper digital

saphenous vein

runs up outside of leg

medial saphenous vein

often used to draw blood

cephalic vein

runs up surface of foreleg (often used to take blood)

jugular vein

vein that carries blood from the head to the superior vena cava

portal vein

transports blood from the gastro-intestinal tract to the liver

erythrocytes

another name for red blood cells

rouleaux

a clump of red blood cells that appear to be stacked like coins

hemolysis

destruction of red blood cells

anemia

a deficiency of red blood cells

hypoxia

not enough oxygen getting to the body tissues

causes of anemia

reduction in production of new RBCs, blood loss, increased hemolysis

-philia

increase in cell numbers

-penia

decrease in cell numbers

thrombocytes

platelets, smaller than RBCs, prevent bleeding by initiating blood clotting mechanism

leukocytes

white blood cells; granulocytes and agranulocytes

granulocytes

contain granules in cytoplasm; eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils

agranulocytes

contain few or no granules in cytoplasm; monocytes and lymphocytes

basophils

dark blue or black stain, show up in short term illnesses (allergic reaction and tissue inflammation)

neutrophils

polymorphonuclear leukocytes, stain indifferently, nuclei with many lobes, present in healthy animals in the largest number due to first line of defense (except ruminants), phagocytotic mode of action

phagocytotic

engulfs invading organisms