NCM 103A - HEALTH, WELLNESS, AND ILLNESS

Health (Traditional)

Defined in terms of the presence or absence of disease.

Health (Florence Nightingale)

A state of being well and using every power the individual possesses to the fullest extent.

Health (WHO)

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Health (Walter Cannon)

The ability to maintain homeostasis.

Homeostasis

A steady state or dynamic balance. When there is a change, stress, or injury, adequate compensatory mechanisms lead to adaptation.

Wellness

A state of well-being and an integrated method of functioning oriented toward maximizing an individual's potential.

Well-being

A subjective perception of vitality and feeling well that can be described objectively, experienced, and measured.

Physical Wellness

The ability to carry out daily tasks, achieve fitness, maintain nutrition, and avoid abuses.

Social Wellness

The ability to interact successfully, develop and maintain intimacy, and develop respect and tolerance for others.

Emotional Wellness

The ability to manage stress and express emotion.

Intellectual Wellness

The ability to learn and use information effectively.

Spiritual Wellness

A belief in some force that unites human beings and provides meaning and purpose to life.

Occupational Wellness

The ability to achieve a balance between work and leisure.

Environmental Wellness

The ability to promote health measures that improve the standard of living and quality of life.

Clinical Model

The narrowest interpretation of health, identified by the absence of signs and symptoms of disease or injury.

Role Performance Model

Defines health as the ability to fulfill societal roles. Sickness is the inability to perform one's role.

Adaptive Model

Health is a creative process, and disease is a failure of adaptation or maladaptation.

Eudemonistic Model

A comprehensive view of health as a condition of actualization or realization of a person's potential.

Agent-Host-Environment Model

A model where the agent, host, and environment constantly interact, and disease occurs when they are not in balance.

Health-Illness Continuum

A model that measures a person's perceived level of wellness, with health and illness/disease at opposite ends of a continuum.

Health Belief Model

Concerned with what people perceive about themselves in relation to their health, considering factors like perceived susceptibility and seriousness.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A five-tier model of human needs, with the first four levels being deficiency needs and the top level being growth or being needs. The text describes this as a motivational theory.

Illness

A highly personal state where a person's physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual functioning is diminished. It is not synonymous with disease.

Disease

An alteration in body function, a reduction of capacities, or a shortening of the normal life span.

Acute Illness

Characterized by severe symptoms of a relatively short duration that often appear abruptly and subside quickly.

Chronic Illness

Lasts for an extended period, usually has a slow onset, and often has periods of remissions and exacerbations.

Parson's Four Aspects of the Sick Role

A set of four expectations for people who are ill: they are not held responsible for their condition, are excused from some social roles, are obligated to try to get well, and are obligated to seek competent help.

Stage 1: Symptom Experience

The person believes something is wrong.

Stage 2: Assumption of the Sick Role

The person accepts the sick role and seeks confirmation.

Stage 3: Medical Care Contact

The person seeks the advice of a health professional.

Stage 4: Dependent Client Role

The person becomes dependent on the professional for help.

Stage 5: Recovery or Rehabilitation

The person relinquishes the dependent role and resumes former roles and responsibilities.

Health Promotion

A behavior motivated by the desire to increase well-being and actualize human health potential.

Disease Prevention

The goal of maintaining optimal health by preventing disease.

Primary Prevention

True prevention that precedes disease and is applied to healthy clients, including health promotion and wellness activities.

Secondary Prevention

Consists of early diagnosis and prompt treatment to prevent the spread of a disease.

Tertiary Prevention

Occurs when a defect or disability is permanent and irreversible, focusing on minimizing the effects of long-term disease or disability.

Restoring Health

Focuses on the ill client, from early disease detection through the recovery period.

Care of the Dying

Involves comforting and caring for people who are dying and supporting their loved ones.

Lifestyle

The values and behaviors adopted by a person in daily life, such as physical activity, nutrition, and stress management.