Global Health Lecture 1: SDG

What are the sectors of global health?

Broadest: global health

Then comes the division between global public health, and environmental health

Under global public health is international health and domestic public health

International health def

the study of health issues that affect people living in the developing world or outside one’s own country

Domestic Public Health def

issues that affect people living in the US or within a country

Environmental health def

the theory and practice of assessing, correcting, controlling, and preventing environmental factors that can adversely affect the health of present and future generations

Health def

State of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (according to the WHO)

Public health code of ethics (6)

1. Prevention of disease

2. Respect for the rights of individuals

3. Commitment to developing public health efforts in conjunction with communities

4. Attention to disenfranchised people, health disparities, and communities

5. appreciate values, beliefs and cultures of diverse groups

6. Enhance the physical and social environment

Distinctions between public health and medicine

Public health- focused more on the population and public service, emphasizes disease prevention, and interventions have a broad spectrum and may target the environment, human behavior, lifestyle, and medical care

Medicine: focus on individual and personal service, emphasis on disease diagnosis, treatment, and interventions are only for medical care

How many suffer from neonatal death before they are 4 weeks old every day?

6,300

How many women die of childbirth a year

287,000

How many people a year die of measles?

136,000

How many people a year die of TB?

1.3 million

Ranges of country income levels

• Low: _<$1145

• _{Low-middle: $1146-4515}

• _{Upper-middle: $4516-14,005}

• _{High: >$14,005}

What replaced the millennium development goals?

The sustainable development goals!

How many SDGs are there and what are they?

1. No poverty: extreme poverty is living on <$1.25 a day, or $1.90 now

2. Zero hunger: achieve by advancing sustainable ag and improving food security

3. Good health and well being:

4. Quality education: 170 million people could be lifted out of poverty if all students learned basic reading skills

5. Gender Equality: women work 70% of the world’s working hours, yet earn only 10% of the world’s income

6. Clean water and sanitation: more people have a mobile phone than a toilet

7. Affordable and clean energy: 1.1 billion people live without electricity

8. Decent work and economic growth

9. Resilient Infrastructure and sustainable industrialization

10. Reduce inequality within and among countries: the 85 richest people in the world own the same amount as the 3.5 billion poorest people

11. safe, sustainable and inclusive cities: ½ of humanity lives in urban areas

12. Sustainable consumption and production patterns

13. Combat climate change and take action: sea levels are predicted to rise 1-4 ft by 2100

14. Conservation and sustainable use of the oceans and marine resources 

15. Life on land: we are using 25% more resources than our planet can sustain each year

16. Peace justice and strong institutions

17. strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development

What is food security?

Access by all people at all times to have enough food for an active, healthy life. Availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods, and assured ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways

What is food insecurity?

Limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods or limited or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways

Hunger def

the uneasy or painful sensation caused by a lack of food. The recurrent and involuntary lack of access to food

Most people in poverty eat what kinds of diets?

Diets high in staple foods

What are the determinants of health?

• Individual: genetics, sex, age

• Access to health services

• Social environment: socio-economic status, education, social capital, culture, gender norms

• Health behaviors

• Physical environment: water, sanitation, air pollution

Infant mortality rate def

The number of deaths of infants under age 1 per 1,000 live births in a given year

2024 stats:

Zambia: 35.6/1000

Singapore: 1.5/1000

US: 5.4/1000

Life expectancy at birth def

The avg number of years a newborn baby could expect to live if current mortality trends were to continue for the rest of the newborn’s life

2024 stats:

Zambia: 66.5

Japan: 84.9

US: 79.5

Maternal Mortality ratio

The number of women who die as a result of pregnancy and childbirth complications per 100,000 live births in a given year

2020 stats:

South Sudan: 1223/100,000

Germany: 4/100,000

US: 21/100,000

Neonatal mortality rate

The number of deaths of infants under 28 days of age in a given year per 1000 live births.

2023 stats:

Zambia: 24/1000

Singapore: 1/1000

US: 3.2/1000

Under 5 mortality rate

The probability that a newborn baby will die before reaching age 5, expressed as a number per 1000 live births

2022 Stats:

• Zambia: 56/1000

• Singapore: 2/1000

• US: 6/1000

HALE (Health Adjusted Life Expectancy

Number of years to be lived in the equivalent of good health

DALY (Disability Adjusted Life Year)

Measure of premature deaths and losses due to illness and disabilities in a population

Leading cause of DALY for low and middle income countries? What about high income?

• Low Income: perinatal conditions, lower respiratory infections, ischemic heart disease

• High Income: ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, unipolar depressive disorders

What is now the leading cause of death worldwide?

cardiovascular disease

Do poorer or wealthier countries have a relatively larger burden from communicable disease as compared to non-communicable disease?

poorer