Georgia History: Bourbon Triumvirate, Civil Rights, and WWII

What does the phrase 'Bourbon Triumvirate' mean?

A group of the three most powerful and prominent men in Georgia's government.

Who were the three people associated with the Bourbon Triumvirate?

Joseph E. Brown, Alfred H. Colquitt, and John B. Gordon.

What political offices did the Bourbon Triumvirate members hold?

They rotated as governor and U.S. Senator from the 1870s to 1890s.

What were the positive contributions of the Bourbon Triumvirate?

Lowered taxes, reduced GA war debts, expanded business and industry.

What were the negative impacts of the Bourbon Triumvirate?

Didn't improve the lives of the poor, education suffered, prison reform didn't happen, poor working conditions in factories.

Who became known as the 'Spokesman of the South'?

Henry Grady.

What university did Henry Grady help to create?

Georgia Tech.

What was the name of the large Exposition that attracted many businesses to the South?

International Cotton Exposition.

What were the years the International Cotton Expositions were held?

1881, 1885, and 1895.

Who was the editor of the Atlanta Journal Constitution?

Henry Grady.

What was the name of the new political party developed in the late 1800s?

The Populist Party, led by Tom Watson.

Who did the Populist Party primarily support?

Farmers.

What is the Rural Free Delivery Act?

It allowed rural farmers to have their mail delivered without going into town, helped by Tom Watson.

What were Jim Crow laws?

Laws that allowed whites to take away the rights of African Americans and discriminate against them.

Which political party fought to create Jim Crow laws?

Southern Democrats.

What does the word 'Segregation' mean?

The separation of races.

What terror tactic was used to enforce segregation?

White supremacy, beating, jailing, killing (lynching).

What is the name of the Supreme Court case that established 'Separate but equal'?

Plessy v. Ferguson.

Who was Homer Plessy?

A man who was 1/8th black and wanted to challenge Louisiana's segregation laws.

What state did Homer Plessy live in?

Louisiana.

What does the word 'Disenfranchisement' mean?

To deny the right to vote.

What is a Poll Tax?

A tax on voting.

What is a White Primary?

A primary election that did not allow African Americans to vote.

What is a Literacy Test?

A test that must be passed to prove one can read or write to vote.

What is a Grandfather Clause?

A law allowing individuals to vote if their father could vote or their grandfather fought in the Civil War.

What is the name of the riot that happened in Atlanta in 1906?

The 1906 Atlanta Riot.

What misinformation sparked the 1906 Atlanta Riot?

Reports that black men were attacking white women, which was not true.

How long did the 1906 Atlanta Riot last?

48 hours (September 22-24).

What were the differences between W.E.B. DuBois and Booker T. Washington?

DuBois wanted civil rights immediately and fought for them, while Washington accepted the status quo and advocated for gradual change.

Who was the founder of the Tuskegee Institute?

Booker T. Washington.

What is an accommodationist?

A person who seeks compromise, typically about politics.

Who wanted their civil rights immediately?

W.E.B. DuBois.

Who was Alonzo Herndon?

An entrepreneur, first black millionaire in the South, who founded Atlanta Mutual Life Insurance Company.

What Civil Rights leader was famous for his Atlanta Compromise speech?

Booker T. Washington.

What is anti-semitism?

Hostility to or prejudice towards people who are Jewish.

What influenced the jury's decision in the Leo Frank case?

The jury believed the testimonies of a black man over that of a white Jewish man, showcasing anti-semitism.

How did farms and agriculture change after WWII?

Farm technology ended large agricultural workforces, with larger tractors, reapers, and better fertilizers.

What happened to farm workers after WWII?

There was a Great Migration from farm laborers to urban cities for jobs due to technology taking their jobs.

What impact did new tractors and farm machinery have on agriculture?

Workers could work longer, easier hours, and machinery took jobs from sharecroppers and tenant farmers.

What new modes of transportation are now in Atlanta?

Airports, buses, trains, cars, and MARTA; MARTA helped the most with business.

Who is the GA 'Father of Aviation'?

William B. Hartsfield, for bringing in the Atlanta Airport, which is named after him.

What does M.A.R.T.A. stand for?

Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority, offering trains and buses.

What are some important facts about William B. Hartsfield?

He brought air transportation to GA, was the longest-serving Mayor, supported Civil Rights, and expanded the interstate highway system.

What are some important facts about Ivan Allen, Jr.?

He was a huge supporter of Civil Rights, helped start MARTA, and brought major sports teams to Atlanta.

Why is Atlanta known as 'The City Too Busy to Hate'?

Hartsfield aimed to move Atlanta from civil unrest to a city focused on hard work and business.

What was the White Primary?

It was a Democratic Party practice that only allowed whites to vote in the primary elections.

How did the White Primary end in Georgia?

It ended when Primus King and Thomas Brewer challenged it in court, leading to a ruling that allowed anyone to vote.

What event is referred to as the 'Date that would live in infamy'?

The bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.

What was the Lend-Lease Act?

It allowed Allied countries to borrow weapons of war while keeping the U.S. combat neutral.

Where was the U.S. Navy's Pacific fleet located on December 7, 1941?

Most of the Pacific fleet was located at Pearl Harbor.

What was the biggest event that caused the U.S. to enter WWII?

The surprise attack on Pearl Harbor.

What was the U.S. official policy at the beginning of both WWI and WWII?

The United States tried to remain neutral.

What ocean is Pearl Harbor located in?

The Pacific Ocean.

How did most Americans feel about European affairs at the start of WWII?

Most Americans wanted to remain neutral and avoid political affairs of Europe.

How did Germany and Japan view the Lend-Lease Act?

They saw it as the U.S. moving away from its isolationist attitude.

How did the loss of life in WWI affect American attitudes towards WWII?

Many Americans were hesitant to send their sons to fight due to the fresh memories of WWI.

Why did Japan attack Pearl Harbor?

To destroy the United States' will and ability to fight.

Who worked in wartime factories during WWII?

Many women and African Americans took up manufacturing jobs.

What migration pattern occurred as U.S. involvement in WWII increased?

Many people moved from rural farms to urban factories.

What was built at the Brunswick and Savannah Shipyards?

Liberty Ships, used to carry soldiers and supplies to the war front.

How was Georgia's economy affected by the Bell Bomber Plant and shipyards?

Thousands of jobs were created, easing the Great Depression and providing opportunities for women and African Americans.

Where and by what company was the B-29 Superfortress built?

It was built by Bell Aircraft in the city of Marietta.

What large body of water are Savannah and Brunswick located next to?

They are located next to the Atlantic Ocean.

What is a German U-boat?

A German U-Boat is a German submarine.

What were some accomplishments of Richard Russell?

Governor of GA, Senator from GA, improved the military, brought the CDC to GA, 'Father of the School Lunch'.

What were some accomplishments of Carl Vinson?

Supported the military, served 51 years in the U.S. House of Representatives, 'Father of the Two Ocean Navy'.

How did Georgia contribute to WWI?

GA had more training camps than any other state.

Which Georgia fort was designated as a prisoner of war camp?

Fort Oglethorpe.

What happened to many sharecroppers in GA after WWI?

Many left the farms and moved to jobs in the cities.

Why did the South not feel the effects of the Great Depression the same way as other parts of the country?

The South was already experiencing drought and the boll weevil.

What was the single biggest reason that hurt cotton farms?

The Boll Weevil.

What region of the United States was most affected by the boll weevil infestation?

The Southeast.

How did the drought hurt Georgians?

It made the lives of rural farmers more difficult.

How did farmers refer to the Boll Weevil?

The Greatest enemy.

Where did the Boll Weevil first enter the United States?

Texas.

What are the four causes of the Great Depression?

The Stock Market Crash of 1929, bank failures, overproduction, underconsumption.

What is considered the beginning of the Great Depression?

The Stock Market Crash of 1929.

What was a major defect in the banking system exposed during the Great Depression?

There was nothing protecting an investor's funds in the bank.

What was the percentage of Americans without jobs during the Great Depression?

25%.

How did the 'Runs on Banks' worsen the economy?

It caused banks to close and created a greater shortage of money.

Who was the GA governor that strongly opposed the New Deal?

Eugene Talmadge.

How did most Georgians feel about the New Deal programs?

Most Georgians welcomed help from the government.

What was the major misjudgment that Governor Talmadge made regarding the people of GA?

He thought they did not support the New Deal.

Who was Franklin Delano Roosevelt?

He was president and considered Warm Springs, GA his second home.

Why was Warm Springs the site of FDR's 'Little White House'?

The waters helped him with polio.

What was the impact of FDR spending so much time in GA?

He offered many programs to help poor farmers.

Describe the Social Security Act.

Created in 1935 to support retirees over age 65 and help widows and orphans.

What was a major criticism of the New Deal programs?

Many felt it made people dependent on the government.

Describe the Civilian Conservation Corps.

Hired unemployed young men for projects like erosion control and public parks.

What was the purpose of the New Deal programs?

To help bring the country out of the Great Depression.

Describe the Agricultural Adjustment Administration.

Paid farmers to NOT grow cotton and tobacco.

What was a negative of the AAA?

Sharecroppers and tenant farmers did not receive benefits.

Why was the reforestation of the CCC important?

Gave young men jobs and helped to stop erosion.

Who was the president of the United States during the Great Depression?

Franklin Delano Roosevelt.

How did the New Deal impact the state of Georgia?

It improved lives but failed to end the Great Depression.