PSYC 1 FINAL CARDS

3 Steps of Concrete Operations

1. Begins: Objects are related through operations

2. Ends: operations can apply through anything not just concrete objects

Age Range: 7-11 years

Essentially learns reason

2 Problems w/ Piagetian Theory

1. Piagetian theory overestimates how abstract out knowledge becomes

2. Piagetian theory underestimates the knowledge of young children

Baillargeon's views of object permanence

believed that infants are born with a ready-made sense of the physical world and that this does not have to be constructed using the 'building blocks' of experience

Attachment

a long lasting emotional bond that develops between infants and their caregivers

Imprinting

Coming to recognize another as a parent or object of habitual trust

Separation Anxiety

when an infant shows distress when object of attachment leaves them

Pleasure at Reunion

when an object attachment returns, infant shows pleasure

Stranger Anxiety

when there’s a stranger at vicinity, infant shows distress

4 symptoms of attachment

1. Separation anxiety

2. pleasure at reunion

3. stranger anxiety

4. shows exploratory behavior when object attachment is nearby

Cupboard Theory of Attachment

refers to the view that infants attach to their caregivers because their caregivers provide food

proven wrong— kids develop attachment to those who don’t provide for needs & vice versa

Harlow Experiment

removed young monkeys from their natural mothers a few hours after birth and left them to be "raised" by these mother surrogates.

experiment demonstrated that the baby monkeys spent significantly more time with their cloth mother than with their wire mother

Where does attachment come from?

Evolutionary Explanation: attachment is a behavioral pattern shared by natural selection because it promotes fitness

evidence

• universality

• attachment behaviors begin around when infant starts to crawl

• social referencing

Attribution

an interference about the cause of a person’s set of actions

Dispositional attribution

when the cause of a behavior is assigned to the person’s traits and characteristics

Situational attribution

when the cause of a behavior is assigned to the situation

Fundamental Attribution Error

tend to make dispositional rather than situational attribution

Attribution’s 2 Step Process

1. Make an attribution based on constant goal (automatic)

2. correct and adjust attribution from step 1 (with effort)

Stereotypes

A mental concept that represents concepts of people and minimizes differences within groups

Public Aspect of Stereotype

an aspect that you will tell other people about

Private Aspect of Stereotype

an aspect where you believe something but don’t tell other people about

Implicit Aspect of Stereotype

an aspect where you don’t know about it, but it still can effect your behavior

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

measures attitudes and beliefs that people may be unwilling or unable to report

Stereotype Model

1. Apply due unconscious stereotype automatically

2. adjust or correct that application done at step one with effort

Value-expressive function

A function of attitudes that allows the individual to express his or her self concept

Social-Adjustive function

promote the capability to connect with appropriate social group members or to impress attractive others

Defensive Function

people are motivated to defend belief in a just world (bias) when it is threatened by evidence of injustice

victim blaming— if someone had something bad happen to them, then they must have done something wrong to deserve it

Utilitarian Function

the role an attitude can play in obtaining rewards, avoiding punishments, or both; attitudes to guide behavior

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

a psychological theory that explains the discomfort people experience when their thoughts, beliefs, or actions are inconsistent

suggests that this discomfort, or cognitive dissonance, motivates people to change their attitudes or behaviors to achieve consistency

Implicit Bias

the bias we have which we don’t realize or think about consciously

Explicit Bias

the bias we are aware of and think about/know we have

Poverty’s effects on Child Development

• Hormones/stress

• Classroom Dynamics

• Health

Poverty’s protective factors

1. individual: increases motivation & confidence

2. community: proper educational access & safe neighborhoods

3. relationships: proper parental engagement and positive friendships

4. society: proper access to resources

Size on Retina

familiar size (absolute distance)

unfamiliar size (relative distance)

Interposition

if object #1 occludes object #2, object #1 is nearer

aka Occlusion

Different types of Pictorial cues

1. Size on Retina

2. Interposition

3. Lighting and Shadow

4. Linear Perspective/Texture Gradients

5. Elevation

6. Clarity

Different types of Kinetic cues

1. Kinetic Depth Effect

2. Motion Parallax

Cognitive Dissonance

discomfort associated w/ awareness of inconsistency between beliefs, thoughts, and actions

Festinger and Carlsmith experiment

The $1/$20 experiment illustrated cognitive dissonance forcing compliance by showing that people given a smaller reward ($1) for stating that a boring task was enjoyable were more likely to change their attitudes about the task than those given a larger reward ($20), because those with the smaller reward lacked

Conformity

The tendency of individuals in a group to behave like others or have the tendency to align with their beliefs within that group

Informational Influence

a type of social influence in which individuals modify their behavior, opinions, or beliefs based on the information they receive from others

Informative Influence

social influences that work to make an individual fall more integrated or approved by a group

Asch conformity experiment

The experiments revealed the degree to which a person's own opinions are influenced by those of a group. Asch found that people were willing to ignore reality and give an incorrect answer in order to conform to the rest of the group.

Results:

75/100 confirmed to the group to at least 1 out of 12 trials

overall conformity happened 37% of the time

Compliance

Agreeing to a request of an individual

Obedience

when you comply with the requests of someone in a position of authority

Milgram’s Experiment

Participants were led to believe that they were assisting an unrelated experiment, in which they had to administer electric shocks to a "learner". These fake electric shocks gradually increased to levels that would have been fatal had they been real.

60%% of subjects were willing to administer a fatal electric shock to another human being because they were told to by an experimenter

Factors influencing Milgram’s results

1. Authority

2. Responsibility: Experimenter VS Subject

3. Proximity

4. Alternative Model

5. sequential Nature of Task

Personality traits

relatively stable predispositions to behave in a certain way

personality state

temporary tendency to behave in a certain way

Trait Theories

describes personalities by describing a small number of central traits

Cattell trait theory

“Source traits are more important than surface traits”. - Surface traits are identified by the interaction of source traits and are less stable than factors. - After the factor analysis, Cattell found out 16 source traits that contribute to the underlying nature of personality.

• 18,000 words in dictionary

• eliminated synonyms —> 171 words

• 16 ceysenck personality theoryentral traits

Eysenck personality theory

proposed that behavior could be represented along two dimensions: neuroticism and extroversion

Neuroticism

emotional instability and maladjustment

a core personality trait characterized by emotional instability, irritability, anxiety, self-doubt, depression, and other negative feelings.

Extroversion

energy directed outward or inward

a personality trait or style characterized by a preference for or orientation to engaging socially with others

Conscious Mind

thoughts, feelings, beliefs, and processes that you are aware of

Unconscious Mind

thoughts, feelings, beliefs of processes that you are NOT aware of

Freudian theory of personality

The mind is divided into three components: id, ego, and superego, and that the interactions and conflicts among the components create personality

Defense Mechanisms (7)

1. repression

2. reaction formation

3. projection

4. sublimation/displacement

5. rationalization

6. isolation

7. conversion

ID

the primitive, basic, and fully unconscious part of personality

Repression

push wishes of ID into unconscious mind

Reaction Formation

to do the opposite

Projection

attribute feelings to someone else

Sublimation/Displacement

turn something forbidden into something acceptable

Rationalization

to convince yourself that it is acceptable

Isolation

compartmentalize thought in conscious mind

Conversion

psychological symptoms lead to physical symptoms

Catharsis

the expression of formerly repressed feelings in order to overcome problems associated with them

pleasurable experiences that causes psychological health and results from discovering in unconscious conflict

Techniques of Psychoanalysis

• free association

• slips of the tounge (freudian slips)

• what people forget

• dream interpretation

Dream Interpretation

the process of assigning meaning to dreams and wish fulfillment

Psychopathology

the study of mental illness and mental disorders including their symptoms

Syndrome

constellation of inter-related symptoms manifested by an individual

Mental disorder

characterized by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotional regulation, or behavior

a syndrome that is

1. clinically significant determent

2. internal source

3. involuntary manifestation

Lifetime Prevalence

the percent of population diagnosed with a mental disorder at some point in their lives

DSM

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

DSM I

Biological— clinical syndromes, including mental health and substance use disorders

DSM II

Freudian— Personality disorders and mental retardation

DSM III

General medical conditions

DSM IV

Sociocultural— psychosocial and environmental problems

DSM V

Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), which assessed overall functioning on a scale of 1–100

Diathesis-Stress Model

a psychological theory that attempts to explain a disorder, or its trajectory, as the result of an interaction between a predisposition vulnerability, the diathesis, and stress caused by life experiences

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

heightened fear/anxiety, but not about anything in particular

Phobias

a very intense fear of something specific

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

having obsession or a disturbing thought that repeatedly intrudes a person’s thoughts

compulsion— a behavior or ritual performed in response to obession

Panic Disorder

fear or anxiety without any stimulus at all, can be unpredictable at times and can lead to fear with being with publix

Comorbidity

2 or more conditions @ the same time

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

stress can be specifically identified through a traumatic experience

Mood Disorders

single dimension of mood w/ depression @ one end and elation at the other

Major Depressive Disorder

feeling symptoms of sadness, self-blaming, sense of worthlessness and changed patterns of sleep, appetite, and motor behavior

2 sub conditions

1. major depressive disorder

2. dysthymia

Cognitive-Behavioral Framing

emphasizes five aspects of life experience: thoughts, behaviors, emotion/mood, physiological responses, and the environment

Bipolar Disorder

a mental illness that causes unusual shifts in a person's mood, energy, activity levels, and concentration

alternating bouts of mild to severe depression and mild to severe high mania