A&P EXAM 2

What are the general functions of the blood

transport

immune compeonenets

clotting

temperature regulation

pH regulation

osomolairty (affects fluid distribution)

viscosity (affects heart/BP)

how many L of blood do females have

4-5L

how many L of blood do males have

5-6L

how many L of blood do adult humans have

4-6L

RBC’s carry what

oxygen

WBC’s help with what

fight infection (immune system)

platelets are needed to form what

blood clots

how many platelets are formed per day

400 bill

how many RBC’s are formed per day

250 bill

how many WBC’s are formed per day

10 bill

Our plasma contains

water

plasma proteins

small other solutes

what is the liquid portion of our blood

plasma

our plasma makes up how much percent of blood

55%

plasma is blood without

formed elements

the Buffy coat of our blood makes up how much percent

1%

The Buffy coat and the erythrocytes are composed of "___ known also as blood cells

formed elements

how much percent of the blood make up the erythrocytes

44%

What makes up the Buffy coat

platelets and leukocytes

what mostly makes up erythrocytes

erythrocytes, but they mostly contain RBC’s

Platelets are also known as

thrombocytes

Leukocytes are also known as

WBC’s

the % of blood that is RBC’s

hematocrit

Males hematocrit ranges from

42-52%

Females hematocrit ranges from

37-48%

Plasma proteins are made wher

in the liver

If someone has a bad liver what happens to their plasma proteins

there ability to produce plasma proteins goes down

low fibrinogen means that someone will ___

bleed easily

someone with low fibrinogen means the blood

cannot clot well

if somebody has low albumin, they will loose what from the blood stream and go into the tissues

water

when someone has low albumin levels and they loose the water from the blood stream and it goes into the tissues

tissue edema

Formation of our formed elements is called

hematopoiesis

Where is hematopoiesis

in red bone marrow

Hematopoiesis means formation of our formed elements including,

RBC, WBC, and platelets

What are in red blood cells

cytoplasm, hemoglobin, heme, and iron

What is hemoglobin consist of

a heme, in the middle sits Fe, and a alpha and beta protein chain

2 alpha and 2 beta chains are called a

globin

in hemoglobin there are how many proteins

4

Where does the oxygen bind in a hemoglobin

the iron

there are how many Hemoglobin molecules per one RBC

280 mil

what is full of stem cells

bone marrow

since bone marrow is full of stem cells it leads it to make

blood

how is bone marrow told to make blood

signiling molecules

mature red blood cells ___ a nucleus

don’t have

how long do mature red blood cells live

120 days which is 4 months

Hemoglobin is a __ element

formed

Erythrocytes are __ elements

formed

what is the official name of a red blood cell

erythrocytes

what carry oxygen and are biconcaved discs

erythrocytes

__ are the smallest vessels

capillaries

erythrocytes are shaped __ so they can fit in capillaries to transport oxygen

small and flat

if someone has high viscosity, then what happens to the RBC’s

it causes someone to have excess RBC’s

if someone has a bad liver, then what type of viscosity will they have

low viscosity

If someone has a bad liver why do we worry about the heart

it effects the hearts ability to pump blood

if our blood is thick, that means our heart is pumping too

slow

if our blood is too thin, that means our heart is pumping too

fast

what is the thickness of our blood

viscosity

this is determined by RBC, plasma protiens (especially albumin)

viscosity

this is determined by RBC, plasma protins, and Na

osmolarity

If someone has normal viscosity, they would have how much percent ex. of hematocrit

45%

If someone has normal viscosity, then they have the same number of

RBCs as Albumin

if somebody has polycythemia, what’s wrong

they have too many RBC’s and a high viscosity

If someone has polycythemia, what is their hematocrit percent

80%

What happens if someone has anemia

they have low RBC’s

how is someones viscosity affected if they have anmeia

they have low viscoisty

if someone is anemic what is the present of hemocrit they have

20%

If someone has a normal hemocrit but a bad liver, what happens to albumin and viscosity

they both go down

what is normal osmolarity

300

if someone has normal osmolarity, that means their sodium to RBC and albumin levels are

equal

what happens to someone osmolarity if they have polycythemia

water goes into the blood causing high RBC count also making it hypertonic

what happens to someones osmolarity if they have anemia

water goes out of the blood and into the tissues causing low RBC’s and making it hypotonic

when water goes out into the tissues it is called

edema

we DO NOT make this

carbon monoixde

when carbon monixde enters the body, what does it bind to

the iron in our heme

when carbon monoxide binds to the iron in the heme, what happens

it prevents oxygen from binding making our body deprived of oxygen letting us die

1 Hemoglobin molecule can carry how many oxygen

4

how is oxygen carried to all cells

hemoglobin

how many hemes are there in one hemoglobin

4

If you have sickle cell disease, what are your cells called

Hbs

If you do not have Sickle cell disease what are you cells called

Hba

someones cells who carry sickle cell disease are ___

sticky

Describe someones cells in sickle cell disease

sticky

don’t carry oxygen

burst leading to low RBC count

because people who have sickle cell diseases cells are sticky, what happens

they don’t flow nice through the blood stream

why can’t the cells in sickle cell disease carry oxygen well

because they are shaped long and weird instead of like a nip

how long do cells in sickle cell anemia live

10-20 days

why do cells in sickle cell anemia live only 10-20 days

the cells get stuck together in the blood stream causing the RBC to burst because of how it cut off blood stream

what do you call hemoglobin with glucose attached

HbA1C

what is an indicator of prolonged elevated blood glucose

HbA1C

the process of forming red blood cells in the red bone marrow

erythropoiesis

a hormone in our blood that releases from kidneys and travels to the bone marrow to stimulate stem cells to become RBCs

EPO (epinephrine)

what does EPO stimulate

eryhropiesis

what does EPO always make

RBCs

when altitude goes up, what happens to the red blood cells

they grab more oxygen in the thin air

what are the causes of hypoxemia

low red blood cell count

low abnormal HB

high altitude

What are two organs that safely dismantle old dying RBCs

liver and spleen

a reduced ability to carry oxygen in the blood

anemia

what are the cause of anemia

low hemoglobin or abnormal hemoglobin

low RBC number (hemotaocrit)

iron deficiency anemia meaning not enough iron is known as

hematocrit

what is the most common type of anemia

iron deficiency anemia

what are the results of anemia

tissue hypoxia edema

aplastic anemia can also be caused from

chemo