all court cases until unit 3

Marbury v Madison (Facts)

William Marbury was appointed as a justice of the peace, but his commission wasn't delivered. He sued the Secretary of State

Marbury v Madison (Precedent)

Established judicial review, allowing the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional

Marbury v Madison (Constitutional Provision)

A3 Judiciary Act of 1789

McCulloch v Maryland (Constitutional Provision)

Necessary and Proper Clause (A1S8) & Supremacy Clause

McCulloch v Maryland (Facts)

Maryland tried to tax the Second Bank of the US. McCulloch, a bank employee, refused to pay the tax

McCulloch v Maryland (Precedent)

Congress has implied powers under the Necessary and Proper Clause; states can't tax federal institutions

US v Lopez (Constitutional Provision)

Commerce clause (A1S8)

US v Lopez (facts)

Student was charged under the Gun-Free School Zones Act for bringing a gun to school. Argued Congress overstepped its power

US v Lopez (precedent)

Limited Congress's use of the Commerce Clause; law was unconstitutional b/c gun possession in schools did not relate to interstate commerce

McDonald v Chicago (Constitutional Provision)

Second Amendment & Fourteenth Amendment (due process clause)

McDonald v Chicago (Facts)

McDonald sued Chicago over its handgun ban, arguing it violated his 2nd amendment rights

McDonald v Chicago (Precedent)

Incorporated the Second Amendment to the states through the 14th amendment

Schenck v US (Constitutional Provision)

First amendment (free speech)

Schenck v US (Facts)

Schenck handed out anti-draft flyers during WWI and was convicted under the Espionage Act. He claimed this conviction violated his free speech

Schenck v US (Precedent)

Established "clear and present danger" test; speech can be restricted if it poses a significant danger

Tinker v Des Moines (Constitutional Provision)

First amendment- free speech

Tinker v Des Moines (Facts)

Students wore black armbands to protest the Vietnam War and were suspended. They sued, claiming their free speech was violated

Tinker v Des Moines (Precedent)

Students don't lose their 1st amendment rights in school unless it causes substantial disruption

NY Times v US (Constitutional Provision)

First amendment (freedom of the Press)

NY Times v US (Facts)

Government tried to prevent NYT from publishing the Pentagon Papers, citing national security concerns

NY Times v US (Precedent)

Government couldn't use prior restraint unless there was a direct/immediate threat to national security

Citizens United v. FEC (Constitutional Provision)

First Amendment, free speech

Citizens United v. FEC (Facts)

Citizens United wanted to air a film about Hillary Clinton close to an election, but federal law restricted corporate election spending

Citizens United v. FEC (Precedent)

Struck down restrictions on independent political expenditures by corporations and unions

Baker v Carr (Constitutional Provision)

Fourteenth amendment (Equal Protection Clause)

Baker v Carr (Facts)

Tennessee had not redrawn its legislative districts in decades, leading to unequal representation. Baker sued, saying it was unconstitutional

Baker v Carr (Precedent)

Established principle of "one person, one vote"; decided courts could rule on redistricting cases (previously considered a political issue)

Shaw v Reno (Constitutional Provision)

Fourteenth amendment (Equal Protection Clause) (Race)

Shaw v Reno (Facts)

NC created a racially gerrymandered congressional district to increase Black representation. White voters sued, arguing it was unconstitutional

Shaw v Reno (Precedent)

Racial gerrymandering is unconstitutional if race is the predominant factor in drawing district lines