Endocrine System c16

nervous system -neurina ,neurotransmitters effect

immediate short lived unless stimulation is repetitive(like if you touch something hot—your neurons send a message super fast to your brain saying, “Ouch!”)

endocrine system -horomones secreted into bloodstream effects

-vary in time (seconds-days )but longer lasting-slower message system effects last longer

-Endocrine gland job: It also makes hormones like insulin that go into your blood to help control sugar in your body.

endocrine

only glands of the endocrine system secrete hormones into body fluids (produced and release hormones )*Only glands from the endocrine system make and send out hormones into the body.

These glands are like special "hormone factories" in your body. They make hormones and then release them into your blood (body fluids), so the hormones can travel where they are needed.

Other parts of your body don’t do this — only endocrine glands do!

paracrine (beside )

affects nearby but different types of cells ,chemicals secreted into extraceluuar space .(affects those around )***is a way your body sends tiny chemical messages to help nearby cells.

💬 The cell sends out a chemical into the space around it (like tossing a message into the air).
🏘 That message doesn’t go far—it just tells the nearby cells what to do.
🧱 Even though the cells are close, they can be different kinds of cells.

Autocrine (self)

effects from same cell or cell type, chemicals secreted into interstitial fluid-is when a cell sends a message to itself or to cells that are just like it.

hormones

substance secreted (released ) by a cell that has an effect on metabolic activity of another cell or tissue

A substance (or chemical) that a cell releases is like a special message.

This message changes what another cell or tissue does — like telling it to work harder, grow, or slow down.

So, when one cell sends out this message, it affects the metabolism (how the other cell uses energy and does its jobs).

hormones also

have a special molecular structure and very potent(strong )

2/2 group of hormone

non steroids derived from amino acids (proteins )

-These hormones are like little protein messages that tell your body what to do.

mrna goes out into cytoplasm and controls the ?

protein production at ribosome

Actions of hormones depend on the

type of hormone (steroid/nonsteroid )-

steroid hormones(lipid) influence cells by

activating genes and causing certain proteins to be produced

non steroid hormones act as the

first messenger and travels in blood to a target cell

the enzyme adenylate cyclase

on the membrane is activated

Imagine a tiny helper enzyme called adenylate cyclase is sitting on the outside wall of a cell.

When something special tells it to start working, it gets activated — like turning on a light switch.

When it’s turned on, it helps make a special messenger inside the cell that tells the cell to do certain jobs.

Adenylate Cyclase

changes atp(energy ) into cyclic amp

-ATP = energy packets in your cells
🔄 Adenylate cyclase changes ATP into cAMP
📢 cAMP = a message that tells the cell what to do!

cyclic amp

activates certain enzymes which produce changes in metabolic process

paracrine chemicals affect only

neighboring cells

local hormones

small in quantity but vary potent (strong )

horomonal secretion

hormonal (releasing hormones from hypothalamus . also stimulates the anterior lobe of pituitary gland to release hormones

neural (nerve control)

nerve impulse directly from nervous system to a gland (adrenal medulla ),or from hypothalamus (posterior lobe of pituitary .

humoral (homeostatic glands )

glands that respond directly to changes in internal environment (blood/ecf) blood glucose and pancreas (insulin/glucagon )

hormones are regulated by

negative feedback loop (negative keeps body "normal "

pituitary

gland is about 1cm and is located at base of brain .

pituitary is attached to hypothalamus by

infundibulum(saddle ,attachment point ) has 2 lobes

pituitary 2 lobes are

anterior and posterior lobe

anterior lobe

made of epithelial cells

posterior lobe

made of neurological cells (under nerve control )

anterior lobe by

releasing hormones

posterior lobe by

nerve impulses

hypothalamic hormones stored in

posterior pituitary

t doesn't make its own hormones — instead, it stores hormones made by another part of your brain called the hypothalamus.

Then, when your body needs them, the posterior pituitary releases those hormones into your blood.

stimulates for release

hypothalamus hormone (release growth hormone )growth hormone -releasing hormone (GHRH)

dwarfism

not enough GH as a child

Giantism

too much GH as child

Acromegaly

too much GH as an adult

hypothalamus hormone -

prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) effect anterior pituitary

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are both examples of

= helper hormones
👧👦 FSH & LH = tell the body to grow and get ready for being a grown-up
🏭 Made by the pituitary gland

gonadotropins

follicle

something you can physically see under microscope

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) AND OXYTOCIN(OT)

produced by hypothalamus + stored in posterior lobe of pituitary

antidiuretic hormone AND OXYTOCIN are secreted due to

a nerve impulse from hypothalamus called vasopressin (blood loss )

hormones _

thyroxine(t4) triiodothyronine ,calcitonin(produced in parafollicullar )

thyroxine and triiodothyronine release

stimulated by ash(thyroid-stimulating ) from anterior lobe of pituitary

calcitonin functions

lowers calcium and phosphate ion(tones it down )

1 multiple choice option

disorders of thyroid gland - hypothyroid means

undersecretion

congenital

in infant ,stunted growth ,abnormal bone formation ,mental retardation ,sluggishness

myxedema

in adult ,low metabolic rate ,sluggishness, poor appetite ,swollen tissues ,mental dullness

simple(endemic ) goiter

due to iodine deficiency ,thyroid is over stimulated and enlarges but functions below normal .

CALCITONIN function

lowers calcium and phosphate ion (tone it down )

calcitonin also

increases rate of deposition in bone and inhibits osteoclast activity. (build )

(disorder of thyroid gland ) *hypothyroid

under secretion (produce )

congenital

in infant ,stunted growth ,abnormal bone formation ,mental retardation ,sluggishness

myxedema

in adults ,low metabolic rate ,s;uggidhness ,poor appetitie ,swollen tissues ,mental dullness

simple (endermic ) goiter

due to iodine deficiency ,thyroid is over-stimulated and enlarges but functions below normal .

hyperthyroid

over secretion of thyroid horomones . -grave disease -autoantibodies bind to tsh receptors mimicking action of tsh causing over stimulation of gland (exophthyalmic )

parathyroid glands (neighbor/nearby )

regulates by negative feedback *** increase of blood calcium -inhibits secretion of PTH-osteoclast -break down

parathyroid hormone (PTH) causes an :

increase in blood calcium and decreases in blood potassium

parathyroid hormone stimulates ?

conservation of calcium and excretion of potassium by kidneys .

hormone effects are similar to the effects of the

sympathetic NS(but last 10x longer )

hormone secretion controlled by

anterior pituitary

aldosterone

causes sodium to be conserved (saved )and potassium to be excreted by kidneys

if you eat salts and your bloated ,you need

water ..water follows salt .

aldosterone also

reduces urine output by conserving sodium

cortisol

influences metabolism of crabs ,proteins and fats .

cortisol also stiumulates

gluconeogenesis (glucose from noncarbo sources by liver )

addison’s disease

decreased secretion of adrenal cortex ;due to autoimmunity or infection (TB)

addison’s disease symptons

decreased sodium ,glucose ,blood pressure,increased potassium and skin pigmentation ,CRAVE SALT

addion’s disease symptoms 2

decreases tissue protein ,decreased bone tissue,adema**** due to retention of glucose & Na,adipose deposit on face(moon face)& back (buffalo hump )

pancreatic islets

functions as an exocrine gland(secrete) in digestion & endocrine gland in the endocrine (secrete in )system .

glucagon (store sugar )

causes blood glucose (blood sugar ) levels to rise by stimulating liver to convert glycogen &noncarbohyfrates into glucose ***

insulin

causes blood glucose levels to decrease by causing liver to store glucose as glycogen .put sugar in storage

is a special helper (a hormone) made by an organ called the pancreas.

It helps your body use sugar from the food you eat.

When you eat, sugar goes into your blood, and insulin says:

🗣 “Hey! Let the sugar into the cells so they can use it for energy!”

diabetes mellitus

insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (type 1-5-10 percent

-Type 1 diabetes is when your body can’t make insulin at all. Insulin is the hormone that helps sugar get into your body’s cells for energy.

Because the body can’t make insulin, people with Type 1 diabetes need to get insulin from outside (like shots).

pineal gland

melatonin-regulates sleep/wake cycle (circadian rhythm) and promotes sleep

-It makes a special hormone called melatonin that helps your body know when it’s time to sleep and wake up.

thymus gland

large in children but decreases in size w age ***

🛡 Thymus gland = helps your body make germ-fighting soldiers
💪 Helps keep you strong and healthy!

ovaries

secrete estrogen and progesterone

🌸 Ovaries = parts that make hormones

placenta

secretes estrogen & progesterone

The placenta is a special part that grows inside a mommy’s tummy when she’s going to have a baby.

These hormones help girls grow and get ready to have babies when they grow up.

So, simple words:

✨ Estrogen and progesterone = special helpers that help girls grow and stay healthy!

It’s like a tiny helper that:

• Gives the baby food and oxygen from the mommy

• Takes away the baby’s waste, like a trash helper

• Keeps the baby safe and cozy inside mommy

testes

secretes testosterone-Testosterone helps boys grow into men. It helps with things like:

• Growing muscles

• Making your voice deeper

• Helping hair grow on your face and body

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So, simple words:

💪 Testosterone = a special hormone that helps boys grow up strong and change into men!

adipose tissue.

produces a protein hormone called LEPTIN-feeling of fullness

Leptin helps tell your brain, “I’m full! Stop eating!”

stress response - increases activity of

sympathetic(fight or flight ) nervous system

another stress response -increases secretion of

adrenal hormones

physical stress

results from enviromental factors that are harmful/potentially to tissues -ex; cold ,injury ,prolonged exercise by unpleasant/painful sensations

physiology stress also

results from thoughts about real or imagined dangers -vary for each individual (fear,anger,guilt,anxiety

hollow

cone shape muscular pump. located in mediastinum of thoracic cacity (middle chambers ,curves to left )

Your heart is like a cone-shaped muscle pump.

It’s located in the middle part of your chest called the mediastinum (the space between your lungs).

The heart curves a little to the left side of your chest.

base of heart is

top and apex is bottom

It’s like a heart standing up straight — the base is on top, and the apex is the pointy bottom!

pericardium

serous membrane ,double layered sac that COVERS HEART & PROXIMAL ENDS OF IT’S LARGE BLOOD VESSELS

visceral pericardium

inner layer of sac that covers heart

parietal pericardium

outer layer (touches cavity )

pericardial cavity

SPACE. between visceral & parietal layers . filled w serous fluid to reduce friction .

epicardium

same as visceral pericardium ,protective outermost layer .

myocardium

middle layer,consinsit mainly of cardiac muscle ** it pumps blood out of chambers .

endocardium

inner linings of chambers and valves .

atria

receives blood returning to heart

auricles

earlike projections found outside of each atrium

❤ Atrium = small rooms in your heart
👂 Outside each atrium is an ear-like flap called an auricle
They help the heart hold a little extra blood!

ventricles

lower chambers

❤= lower part of the heart
💪 It pumps blood out to the body
🫀 You have a left and right ventricle

trabeculae carneae

ridges inside ventricles formed by irregular protrusions of cardiac muscle “beans of flesh “ Inside the heart’s ventricles (the big pumping rooms), there are little ridges or bumps.

These ridges are made of cardiac muscle (the special muscle that makes your heart beat).

They look like beans of flesh — kind of like little bumps or fingers sticking out inside the heart walls.

These ridges help the heart work better when it pumps blood!

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So, simple words:

❤ Ventricles = big rooms in your heart
🍬 Inside, there are ridges that look like little beans of flesh
💪 Made of heart muscle to help the heart pump strong!

septums

separates the left and right of things (like septum in nose )

intercartrial septum

thin wall separating two atria

fossa ovalis

indentation in interatrial septum,remnat of hole present in fetal heart (foramen -hole ovale)

interventricular orifice

opening between atrium and ventricle on each side guarded by an AV valve (ATRIOVENTRIAANLOR )

veins

atria receives blood from veins

going to heart =

VEINS

veins carry blood to

heart

superior vena cava

returns blood from above heart