AP World Unit 5: Revolutions (1750-1900)

Enlightenment

Intellectual movement emphasizing reason and new ways of thinking that inspired revolutions

Rationalism

Belief that reason is more important than emotion

Empiricism

Knowledge comes from sensory experience

Scientific Revolution

Movement that developed rationalism and empiricism

Revealed Religion

Religious belief that God’s decisions cannot be questioned

Shift of Authority

Power moved from external institutions to individual thinking

Deism

Belief in a creator God who does not intervene in human affairs

Atheism

Belief that there is no God

Individualism

Belief that the individual is the basic unit of society

Natural Rights

Rights given by God that cannot be taken away (life, liberty, property)

Social Contract

Agreement where government protects natural rights

Tyranny

Abuse of power by government

Effects of the Enlightenment

Inspired revolutions, nationalism, expanded suffrage, abolition of slavery, and end of serfdom

Women’s Suffrage

Movement for women’s right to vote

Seneca Falls Convention

First women’s rights convention in the U.S.

Nationalism

Desire for unity and self-rule based on shared identity

Popular Sovereignty

Government authority comes from the people

Democracy

System where people vote and influence government

Liberalism

Ideology supporting rights, property, and economic freedom

American Revolution

Colonial revolt against British taxes and control

Declaration of Independence

Document influenced by Enlightenment ideas

French Revolution

Revolution based on natural rights and popular sovereignty

Haitian Revolution

Slave revolt led by Toussaint Louverture

Toussaint Louverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution

Latin American Revolutions

Independence movements led by creoles

Creoles

American-born elites of European descent

Peninsulares

Spanish-born elites controlling colonies

Simón Bolívar

Leader of Latin American independence movements

Italian & German Unification

Combined separate states into unified nations

Filipino Nationalism

Adoption of European ideas and customs to resist imperialism

Industrial Revolution

Shift from hand production to machine-based manufacturing

Urbanization

Movement of people from rural to urban areas

Capital

Money invested to generate profit

Factory System

Centralized production using machines

Spinning Jenny

Machine that increased textile production

Water Frame

Powered textile machine using water

Britain’s Advantages

Coal, iron, water access, colonies, improved agriculture

Crop Rotation

Agricultural method improving soil fertility

Seed Drill

Tool that improved planting efficiency

Steam Engine

Machine using fossil fuels to create mechanical energy

Slow Adopters

Nations lacking coal, land access, or facing elite resistance

France

Slow adopter with fewer social problems

United States

Industrialized due to stability and vast resources

Russia

Industrialized using railroads and steam power

Trans-Siberian Railroad

Connected Russia for industrial growth

Japan

Industrialized through Western borrowing

Meiji Restoration

Japanese reforms to modernize and industrialize

First Industrial Revolution

Coal, steam engines, factories (1750–1830)

Second Industrial Revolution

Oil, electricity, steel, chemicals