Lecture 5: Domain Archaea

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50 Terms

1

Carl Woese

came up with the idea to use a small subunit of the ribosome to characterize organisms (mainly prokaryotes)

based on the sequence data - proposed a complete change in our understanding of the relationship between organisms

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2

True/False: Archaea has peptidoglycan present in cell wall

false

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3

Archaea: S-layer

most common

proteins or glycoproteins

<p>most common </p><p>proteins or glycoproteins </p>
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4

Archaea: S-layer + external layer

the external layer is either a protein sheath or a polysaccharide

Polysacchride protein sheath

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5

Archaea: S-layer + pseudomurein

PG-like

N-acetyltalosaminuronic (NAT) instead of NAM

beta-1,3 glycoside links between NAT and NAM

L-AA crosslinks

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6

Pseudomurein are

resistant to lysozyme and antibiotics that target bacterial cell wall (PG)

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7

Archaea: complex polysaccharide

single thick layer

no s-layer

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8

Archaea: Glycocalyx

not a cell wall rather a slime layer

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9

Archaea: Outer membrane

not a cell wall

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10

Plasma membrane of archaea

differs slightly from both bacteria and eukarya

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11

Archaea PM contains

hydrocarbons of repeating isoprene units

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12

Isoprene units of archaea are attached to ___ by ____

glycerol; ether linkages

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13

Two major types of archaeal lipids

glycerol diether and diglycerol tetraether

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14

Glycerol diether

2 hydrocarbons attached to the glycerol

each usually 20 C in length

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15

Diglycerol tetraether

2 glycerol linked by two hydrocarbons that are 40 C in length

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16

True/False: Archaea has both hopanoids and sterols

False

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17

Archaea chromosome are ___ and reside in ____

circular dsDNA; nucleoid

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18

archaea genomes compared to bacteria are

smaller

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19

Genetic material in archaea are associated with

histones

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20

Histones

proteins used to condense DNA/packaging

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21

Archaeal flagella structure

filament

motor complex

rotation

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22

Filament

not hollow and proteins are added to the base for growth

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23

Motor complex

proteins are in the PM

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24

Rotation

ATP hydrolysis, directions of cells are either forward or reverse

there are no runs/tumbles

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25

Archaea typically lives in

extreme environments (extremophiles)

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26

Halophiles

thrive in high [salt]

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27

Psychrophiles

0-20 celcius

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28

Thermophiles

50-80 celcius

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29

Hyperthermophiles

>80 celcius

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30

Barophiles

pressure > 1 atm

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31

Acidophiles

low pH

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32

Methanogens

produce methane

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33

Thermophiles proteins stability

AA composition similar to heat-labile bacteria

highly hydrophobic cores and ionic interaction on surfaced, creating a low tendency to unfold

have heat-shock proteins

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34

Heat-shock proteins

synthesis increases with stress of excessive heat

refolds partially denatured proteins before protease recognize improper folding and destroys

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35

DNA stability by _____ allows for the survival of thermophiles

Potassium cyclic 2,3-diphosphate (salt)

reverse DNA gyrase

proteins

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36

Potassium cyclic 2,3-diphosphate (salt)

associates with DNA and increases stability of bases

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37

Reverse DNA gyrase

unique form of DNA topoisomerase

introduced positive supercoils into DNA, which increases stability and prevents heat denaturation

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38

Proteins in thermophiles

maintain the integrity of DNA

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39

Sac7

small heat-stable DNA binding protein

binds to small grooves of DNA, increases melting point by 40 celsius

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40

Monolayer archaea _____ tendency of heat to pull it apart

resist

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41

Bilayer archaea are _____ stable with high temps

less, higher temps pull the two layers apart

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42

Halophiles

have a very high salt requirement, thus inhibiting a highly saline environment

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43

Halobacterium

the glycoprotein cell wall is high in aspartate and glutamate concentration that repels each other, thus requiring Na+ to bind to surfaces and shield negative charges

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44

High [Na+] outside of the cell results in

water moving out of the cell causing plasmolysis

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45

To prevent plasmolysis due to [Na+]

K+ is pumped into the cell in large amounts thus water inside and outside of the cell is maintained

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46

Acidophiles have

the optimal environment of 0-5.5 pH, but an internal neutral pH

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47

Sulfolobus Acidocaldrius

inhabits hot springs

allows K+to enter cells to reduce the member potential

highly impermeable PM

active H+ export by transporter

has secondary transporters, chemicals that bind and sequester H, DNA and RNA repair systems and degradation of organic acids

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48

Impermeable PM of Sulfolobus Acidocaldrius is due to

tetraethers and calditol

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49

Tetraethers

resist dissociations, ether links are less sensitve to acid hydrolysis

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50

Calditol

unique to archaeal lipid head groups

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