UCM Basic Genetics Final

Which fallacy uses personal attacks to argue a conclusion/statement is false?

ad hominem

Is the following statement a fact, inference, or opinion

If I hear a statement from three different sources, I know it is a fact.

opinion

Which of the following is deductive reasoning?

making sound conclusions using logical reasoning and true premises

Science is a solitary pursuit and is best performed without discussion from others.

false

When one makes sound conclusions from true premises and logical reasoning, one is performing ___

deductive reasoning

Is the following statement a fact, inference, or opinion? Earth is round (a sphere) because pictures from the space station show it to be round.

fact

Which fallacy accuses a person of holding a position they do not hold but is often an exaggeration of their argument?

strawman

In the modified Bloom's taxonomy of learning, what is the lowest level of learning?

remember

Is the following statement a fact, inference, or opinion?

In spite of what the pundits thought, Donald Trump was elected President of the United States.

fact

Is the following statement a fact, inference, or opinion? Earth is round (a sphere) because pictures from the space station show it to be round.

fact

What is inductive reasoning?

the process to come up with a generalization that is supported by facts

According to Bloom's taxonomy of learning, which of the following represents a basic level of learning?

remembering

Is the following statement a fact, inference, or opinion?

The best college sports teams are the UCM Mules

opinion

When making conclusions from premises, one often uses reasoning. Match the type of conclusion with the type of reasoning used to come up with the conclusion.

QuestionSelected Match The conclusion is certain and logically sound. D. deductive reasoning The conclusion is highly probably, but not absolutely certain. A. inductive reasoning The conclusion is probably and may be considered an inference. B. abductive reasoning The conclusion is the minimal explanation taking into account all of the evidence. C. parsimony or Occam's razor

answered above

When one makes inferences or less probable conclusions from true premises, one is performing ___

abductive reasoning

Is the following statement a fact, inference, or opinion?

I got 90% on the last 4 exams, but only got 60% earlier when I did not study. I need at least 80% on the next exam to get an A in the course. If I study, I can get the 80% I need.

inference

When one makes highly probable conclusions from true premises, one is performing __

inductive reasoning

Which fallacy argues something caused something else because they both occur together?

post hoc ergo propter hoc

Which of the following is(are) included in the actual process scientists apply to their work? Check all that apply

They generally work by themselves.

They use creative solutions to overcome road blocks.

Their work involves many people so they are social

not all the way correct 0.1666

Match the argument with the fallacy it makes.

I'm correct because mom said so.	B. appeal to authority
If you say killing a fertilized egg is okay, then you are just as bad as the school shooter who massacred innocent children.	E. ad hominem
The sky is blue because it is blue.	A. circular argument
A wife says, "I rather have a cat over a dog." The husband argues, "Why do you hate dogs?"	C. post hoc ergo propter hoc
Vaccines cause autism.	D. straw man

not all the way correct 0.6

The phenotype is

the expression of a trait in an organism

In his monohybrid crosses, Mendel deduced that one trait was recessive because

that trait was not present in the F1 and reappeared in the F2

If plants, one with white flowers and the other with purple flowers, are crossed and all of the progeny have purple flowers, then which of the following statements is true?

The allele determining purple flower color is dominant.

Stem length in pea plants is controlled by a single gene where long stems are completely dominant. Consider the cross between a true-breeding long-stemmed plant with a true-breeding short-stemmed plant. If 120 F1 plants are examined, what are the likely stem lengths of these plants?

20 F1 plants are long stemmed

What Mendel called "factors" we now call

genes

Which of the following refers to visible traits?

phenotypes

Which of the following refers to pairs of factors that determine traits?

genotypes

An unspecified characteristic controlled by a single gene is examined. Only two phenotypic states exist for this trait. One phenotypic state is completely dominant to the other. A heterozygous plant is crossed with another heterozygous plant. What proportion of the progeny exhibiting the dominant phenotype is homozygous?

1/3 of dominant progeny

Is Aa a genotype or phenotype?

genotype

A genotype is

a combination of two alleles a person has for a gene

match the description with the term

visible traits	D. phenotypes
pair of factors that determine a trait	A. alleles
variants of a gene	E. genotype
macromolecules that carry out cellular functions	B. proteins
macromolecule that carries a gene's code	C. DNA

0.3 not all the way correct

Recessive traits are expressed only in the homozygous state.

true

Wet ear wax (W) is dominant over dry ear wax (w). 

A 3:1 phenotypic ratio of children indicates that the parents are what genotype? Choose all answers that are correct. Incorrect answers have a negative penalty.

heterozygous (Ww)

Two black female mice are crossed with the same brown male mouse. In a number of litters, female mouse #1 produced 9 black and 8 brown mice while female mouse #2 produced 14 black mice.  What is the genotype of female mouse #2?

AA

Wet ear wax (W) is dominant over dry ear wax (w).  A 1:1 phenotypic ratio of children indicates that the parents are what genotype? Choose all answers that are correct. Incorrect answers have a negative penalty.

heterozygous (Ww)

homozygous recessive (ww)

This is problem #18 from chapter 3.

Determine the possible genotypes of the following parents by analyzing the phenotypes of their children. We will assume that brown eyes (B) is dominant to blue eyes (b); right-handedness (R) is dominant to left-handness (r). Eye color and handedness are independently assorting genes.

Parent:  brown eyes, right handed X brown eyes, right handed

Children:  3/4 brown eyes, right-handed and 1/4 blue eyes, right handed

Look at the trait that is different among the children. This trait accounts for the 3/4 and 1/4 probabilities. Then look at the phenotype of the parents. Which genotype matches the parents' phenotype and would give the probabilities of the children. 

Next, decide how you can only get the trait that does not change.

BbRR X BbRR

If a dihybrid cross is begun with a P1 generation of a plant that produces smooth and yellow peas, crossed with a plant that produces wrinkled, green peas, the F2 plants will have either smooth yellow peas or wrinkled green peas.

false

This is problem #18 from chapter 3. Determine the possible genotypes of the following parents by analyzing the phenotypes of their children. We will assume that brown eyes (B) is dominant to blue eyes (b); right-handedness (R) is dominant to left-handness (r). Eye color and handedness are independently assorting genes. Parent:  brown eyes, right handed X blue eyes, left handed Children:  1/4 blue eyes, right handed                 1/4 blue eyes, left handed                 1/4 brown eyes, right handed                 1/4 brown eyes, left handed For this analysis, look at pairs of children where one trait is held constant, e.g., blue eyes, right handed and blue eyes, left handed. The probability can then be reduced. If it is 3/4 and 1/4, parents are heterozygotes. If it is 1:1 or the same probability, one parent is a heterozygote and the other one is recessive.  Also, one parent has recessive traits. There is only one genotype for recessive traits. And, if there is a recessive trait among the children, then both parents must carry the recessive allele even though their phenotype is dominant

BbRr X bbrr

If the probability of getting a heads in a coin toss is ½ and if the probability of picking a red ball out of a hat is ¼, what is the probability of drawing a red ball and getting heads?

1/8

Two black female mice are crossed with the same brown male mouse. In a number of liters, female mouse #1 produced 9 black and 8 brown mice while female mouse #2 produced 14 black mice.  What is the mechanism of inheritance (how inheritance of the phenotype occurs) of black and brown coat color in mice?

The dominant allele determines the black coat color

Two black female mice are crossed with the same brown male mouse. In a number of litters, female mouse #1 produced 9 black and 8 brown mice while female mouse #2 produced 14 black mice.  What is the genotype of the male parent?

aa

Two black female mice are crossed with the same brown male mouse. In a number of litters, female mouse #1 produced 9 black and 8 brown mice while female mouse #2 produced 14 black mice.  What is the genotype of female mouse #1? One gene controls black/brown mice coat color. One color allele is dominant over the other color allele.

Aa

NOT → Determine the possible genotypes of the following parents by analyzing the phenotypes of their children. In this case, we will assume that brown eyes (B) is dominant to blue (b) and that right-handedness (R) is dominant to left-handedness (r). Offspring are ¼ brown eyes, right-handed; ¼ brown eyes, left-handed, ¼ blue eyes, right-handed, ¼ blue eyes, left-handed. One is parent is blue eyes, left-handed. What is the genotype of this parent?

NOT→ BbRr

NOT → This is problem #18 from chapter 3.

Determine the possible genotypes of the following parents by analyzing the phenotypes of their children. We will assume that brown eyes (B) is dominant to blue eyes (b); right-handedness (R) is dominant to left-handness (r). Eye color and handedness are independently assorting genes.

Parent:  brown eyes, right handed X blue eyes, right handed

Children:  6/16 blue eyes, right handed

                2/16 blue eyes, left handed

                6/16 brown eyes, right handed

                2/16 brown eyes, left handed

For this analysis, look at pairs of children where one trait is held constant, e.g., blue eyes, right handed and blue eyes, left handed. The probability can then be reduced. If it is 3/4 and 1/4, parents are heterozygotes. If it is 1:1 or the same probability, one parent is a heterozygote and the other one is recessive.

NOT → BBRr X bbRr

NOT → Wet ear wax is dominant over dry ear wax. A 3:1 wet:dry ear wax ratio in the offspring indicated that the parents are which phenotype?

NOT → homozygous wet ear wax and heterozygous dry ear wax

Which of the following are cellular structures that house genes where males are hemizygous for genes on this structure?

X

In an extended family of brothers and sisters, all of the siblings have a disease, but only the sisters have passed on the disease to their children who all happen to be girls. What is the mode of inheritance of this trait? Of the two grandparents of the brothers and sisters, the mother has the disease

mitochondrial gene

What is the genotype of an affected person of a rare trait caused by an autosomal recessive allele?

homozygous recessive

If a pedigree tree shows an affected father with all of his daughters affected, but not of his sons, what is the likely mode(s) of inheritance for the trait/disease? Choose all correct answers.

X-linked dominant

Which of the following are cellular structures that house genes where each person has two alleles for each gene?

autosomes

Which disease is caused by a mutation in opsin?

red/green colorblindness

Which disease contributed to the collapse of the Russian monarchy in the early 20th century?

hemophilia

Match the disease with the mutant protein that causes it.

hemophilia	B. clotting factor VIII
sickle cell disease	C. hemoglobin
Duchenne muscular dystrophy	H. dystrophin
cystic fibrosis	E. CFTR
colorblindness	A. opsin
Marfan syndrome	G. fibrillin

If a pedigree tree shows an affected child with two normal parents, what is the likely mode(s) of inheritance for the trait/disease? Choose all correct answers.

0.125 → autosomal recessive

What is the genotype of an affected person of a rare trait caused by an autosomal dominant allele?

heterozygous

If a pedigree tree shows affected mothers and all of her children affected, what is the likely mode(s) of inheritance for the trait/disease? Choose all correct answers

0.2 → autosomal dominant, mitochondrial inheritance

Which disease is caused by a mutation in hemoglobin?

sickle cell disease

Match the disease with its mode of inheritance.

hemophilia	C. X-linked recessive
sickle cell disease	D. autosomal recessive
Duchenne muscular dystrophy	C. X-linked recessive
cystic fibrosis	D. autosomal recessive
colorblindness	C. X-linked recessive
Marfan syndrome	A. autosomal dominant
Huntington disease	A. autosomal dominant
polydactyly	A. autosomal dominant

Which of the following describes the cellular structures that contain all of the genes of a person? It is made up of DNA and proteins.

chromosomes

What is the genotype of an affected son with a trait caused by an X-linked recessive allele?

hemizygous

Which disease is caused by a mutation in clotting factor VIII?

hemophilia

NOT → Which of the following is NOT a reason that makes interpreting pedigree trees difficult

NOT → A recessive trait is common in the family so it looks dominant

The trait has variable expressivity so it is difficult to count everyone with the trait

View the following pedigree tree.

 Which of the following modes of inheritance CANNOT account for the pattern seen

Y-linked

mitochondrial inheritance

Which of the following is NOT the purpose of meiosis because it is the purpose of mitosis

Answer: Allows tissues to grow because the two cells at the end has the exact same chromosomes as the cell at the beginning

Allows the mixing the genes during crossing over.

Allows recombination because some chromosomes from mother segregate with chromosomes from father.

Allows gametes to form with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell.

Which of the following organelles stores linear, chromosomal DNA?

nucleus

In the cell cycle, the G1 phase represents ___.

a period of growth

What occurs during anaphase I?

Homologous chromosomes separate to opposite poles

Which of the following statements does NOT describe a part of the Cell Theory?

All cells have a nucleus

In meiosis, homologous chromosomes separate in ___

anaphase I

If a cell has a diploid number of 6 (2n = 6 where n is the number of chromosomes in a haploid set) during G1, how many chromosomes are present in a daughter cell (a cell at the end) after meiosis I?

3

In the cell cycle, which phase(s) is(are) part of interphase?

0.1875 → G2, S, G1

Which of the following elements are found in biologically important molecules?

H, O, N, S, P, C

Which of the following organelles synthesizes proteins in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum?

ribosomes

The cell membrane (plasma membrane) is made up of which of the following?

phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins

Which of the following is an event that does NOT occur in prophase of mitosis?

The chromosomes are duplicated.

A chromosome whose centromere is close to the end of the chromosome is called _____

acrocentric

The region that divides a chromosome into two arms is the _____

centromere

What is a reversal of the order of a chromosomal segment?

inversion

Which disease is caused by the destruction of the myelin sheath of neurons? This condition is due to a duplication within chromosome 17.

Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1A

Which of the following disorders results from a deletion in chromosome 5? The disorder results from the deletion of genes involved in the development of the larynx and brain.

cri-du-chat

If nondisjunction takes place in one of the cells of the second meiotic division, the four products of meiosis will include

two normal and two abnormal karyotypes

Cytogenetics is the study of normal and abnormal chromosomes in cells. What is the pictorial array of chromosomes from a person’s cell called.

karyotype

In this type of prenatal diagnosis, karyotype analysis can be performed as early as 8 weeks.

Chorionic villus sampling

Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling are two methods of prenatal diagnosis. One important difference between these techniques is that

chorionic villus sampling can be performed earlier than amniocentesis

The risk for Down syndrome increases in situations where the

mother is 35−45 years old

Is it possible to have a male calico cat?

Yes, but the cat has to be an aneuploid of the sex chromosomes, XXY, and heterozygous for the orange gene

NOT → Which of the following disorders results from a copy number variant?

NOT → cri-du-chat

Which of the following is not a part of determining gender in the embryo?

X chromosome produces Xist and inactivates itself by condensing

A Barr body is a(n) ___

​inactivated X chromosome

​ A zygote is a(n) ___

diploid cell

The process of ___ equalizes the dosage of functional genes carried on the X chromosome in males and females.

X-chromosome inactivation

Complete androgen insensitivity causes XY males to become phenotypic females.

true

​Because females carry two X chromosomes and males carry only one, females have higher levels of all products encoded by genes on the X chromosome

false

A blastocyst ___

implants in the endometrium

The undifferentiated genitalia of an early human embryo develops into male genitalia under the influence of ___

testosterone, AMH, and DHT

NOT → Teratogens can cause birth defects especially when the mother is exposed when the embryo is developing organs. When is this sensitive period?

NOT → 2 weeks

The female oocyte completes meiosis II upon

fertilization

How long does it take for a zygote to travel down the uterine tubes to the implant into the uterus?

1 week

​The brain and nervous system of a developing embryo can only be damaged during the very early stages of development.

false

Polynucleotide chains (DNA or RNA) have a 5' and a 3' end. Which groups are found at each end?

5' phosphate and 3' OH of the sugar