open stat more in depth surface anatomy

What is the primary purpose of using precise anatomical terminology?

To increase precision and reduce medical errors by eliminating ambiguity.

In the disorder "hypertension," what does the prefix "hyper-" mean, and what does the root word "tension" refer to?

"Hyper-" means “high” or “over,” and "tension" refers to pressure, so the word refers to abnormally high blood pressure.

Describe the standard anatomical position.

The body is standing upright, with the feet at shoulder width and parallel, toes forward; the upper limbs are held out to each side, and the palms of the hands face forward.

If a body is lying down in a face-down orientation, what term is used to describe its position?

Prone.

If a body is lying down in a face-up orientation, what term is used to describe its position?

Supine.

What is the specific anatomical term reserved for the upper arm?

Brachium or arm.

What is the anatomical term for the forearm?

Antebrachium or forearm.

What anatomical term refers to the region encompassing the wrist?

Carpal region.

What anatomical term refers to the region encompassing the chest?

Thoracic region.

What is the anatomical term for the great toe?

Hallux.

Define Anterior (or ventral) and provide an example.

Describes the front or direction toward the front of the body (e.g., the toes are anterior to the foot).

Define Posterior (or dorsal) and provide an example.

Describes the back or direction toward the back of the body (e.g., the popliteus is posterior to the patella).

Define Superior (or cranial).

Describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper.

Define Inferior (or caudal).

Describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx).

Define Lateral.

Describes the side or direction toward the side of the body.

Define Medial.

Describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body.

Define Proximal.

Describes a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body.

Define Distal.

Describes a position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body.

Define Superficial.

Describes a position closer to the surface of the body (e.g., the skin is superficial to the bones).

Define Deep.

Describes a position farther from the surface of the body (e.g., the brain is deep to the skull).

What is an anatomical plane?

An imaginary two-dimensional surface that passes through the body.

Which plane divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides?

The sagittal plane.

What is the name of the vertical plane that runs directly down the middle of the body, dividing it into equal right and left sides?

Midsagittal or median plane.

What is the alternative name for the frontal plane, and how does it divide the body?

Coronal plane; it divides the body or an organ into an anterior (front) portion and a posterior (rear) portion.

Which plane divides the body or organ horizontally into upper and lower portions?

The transverse plane.

What term is used to describe images produced by transverse planes?

Cross sections.

What are the two largest body compartments?

The dorsal (posterior) cavity and the ventral (anterior) cavity.

What two cavities make up the posterior (dorsal) body cavity?

The cranial cavity and the spinal cavity (or vertebral cavity).

What organ is housed within the cranial cavity?

The brain.

What structure is enclosed by the spinal (vertebral) cavity?

The spinal cord.

What fluid cushions the brain and spinal cord within the posterior (dorsal) cavity?

Cerebrospinal fluid.

What are the two main subdivisions of the anterior (ventral) cavity?

The thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity.

What structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?

The diaphragm.

Where is the heart located within the thoracic cavity?

In the mediastinum.

What organs are generally housed in the abdominal cavity division of the abdominopelvic cavity?

The digestive organs.

What organs are generally housed in the pelvic cavity division of the abdominopelvic cavity?

The organs of reproduction.

What are the two common ways health care providers divide the abdominopelvic cavity for communication purposes?

Into either nine regions or four quadrants.

In the simpler quadrants approach, where do the dividing lines intersect?

At the patient’s umbilicus (navel).

What is a serous membrane (serosa)?

One of the thin membranes that cover the walls and organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

Which layer of the serous membrane lines the walls of the body cavity?

The parietal layer.

Which layer of the serous membrane covers the organs (viscera)?

The visceral layer.

What is found between the parietal and visceral layers of a serous membrane?

A very thin, fluid-filled serous space, or cavity.

What is the function of the fluid-filled sacs formed by serous membranes?

They cushion and reduce friction on internal organs when they move (e.g., when the lungs inflate or the heart beats).

Name the serous membrane that encloses the pleural cavity (surrounding the lungs).

The pleura.

Name the serous membrane that encloses the pericardial cavity (surrounding the heart).

The pericardium.

Name the serous membrane that surrounds several organs in the abdominopelvic cavity.

The pe