DNA Replication

What is the backbone of the DNA structure made out of

phosphate and sugar

Twisted Structure called?

Double Helix

What is DNA Replication

To replicate DNA you take one strand of the DNA and fill it in with the complementary base pairing to complete the exact replica

Def of DNA Replication

The process of DNA making an exact copy of itself

Where does DNA Replication happen?

Happens in the nucleus of each cell

When does DNA Replication happen

Before a cell division

Why does DNA Replication happen?

Because Daughter cells have the same genetic information as a parent cell. So we double the genetic information for the daughter to have

What is a helicase

an enzyme that unzips the double helix, as the first step of DNA replication

What is DNA Polymerase?

Is a large molecule mode of many smaller components

What is Mitosis?

Mitosis is the process of making new cells.

-it occurs in all cells

-This is for growth (new cells) and repair (replace old cells)

What is Cell Division?

Cell division is when new cells created, called the daughter cells, have the exact same number of chromosomes as the parent cell

What do Chromosomes do in Cell Divisions?

Chromosomes normally strands of DNA wound around histone proteins for storage purposes.

What is Histone protein?

Histone proteins are a family of highly basic proteins found in the cell nucleus. They play a crucial role in DNA packaging and gene regulation by binding to DNA

What are chromosomes called in an undividing cell?

they are called chromatin (single-stranded)

Diploid number meaning?

The number of chromosomes in a parent cell is called the diploid number.

-each species has a different diploid number for humans its 46.

IPPMAT

-Interphase

-Prophase

-Late Prophase

-Metaphase

-Anaphase

-Telophase

What are Centrioles?

Are t-shaped structures that only exist during cell-division and sniff out fibres and produce findle fibres

What are findle fibres?

They are protein structures that seperate chromosomes in daughter cells.

What are 2 types of chromosomes in a human

Autosomes and Sex chromosomes

Interphase

-Resting phase, just before cell division begins the chromatin replicate and coil-up to torm a double -Stranded chromosomes.

Prophase

Centrioles migrate to the poles of the cells and start to produce spindle fibres, Nucleur membranes breaks down and the chromosomes become visible in the cytoplasm.

Late Prophase

chromosomes move towards the equator of the cell (center) and spindle fibres from the centrioles grow towards the chromosomes

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up on the equator of the cell spindle fibres attach to the centrometer of each chromosome

Anaphase

Spindle fibres contract towards the centrioles the chromosomes are seperated at the centrometer and the single stranded chromasomes are pulled to the poles of the cell

Telophase & Cytokinesis

The nuclear membrane reforms

→ Spindle fibres break down.

→ The cell membrane and cytoplasm

Splits into 2 new cells (cytokinesis)

What is the final product of Mitosis?

→2 new daughter cells

→ exact copies and have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell