fifth part

The goal of this hormone is to promote Na+ absorption (= ↑ blood pressure)

ALDOSTERONE

This hormone is produced in the adrenal cortex

aldosterone

Where is aldosterone produced?

adrenal cortex

This hormone affects the Na+ and Cl- transport in the nephron and collecting ducts

aldosterone

an increase in this hormone results in greater Na+ reabsorption

and a decrease in urine concentration and volume

aldosterone

how is the aldosterone stimulated?

Aldosterone production is stimulated by angiotensin II,

increased blood K+ concentration, and decreased blood Na+

concentration

This hormone is produced by the kidneys (juxta apparatus), causes the production of angiotensin II

RENIN

acts as a vasoconstrictor (↑ bp) and stimulates

aldosterone secretion (↑Na+ reabsorption), causing a decrease

in urine production and an increase in blood volume

Angiotensin II

how is renin stimulated?

Decreased blood pressure or decreased Na+ concentration

stimulates renin production.

TRUE OR FALSE: blood volume is equal to urine volume

TRUE

also known as Vasopressin

ANTI-DIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)

this term is defined as “increase urination“

diuresis

this hormone is produced in the posterior pituitary, increases water

permeability in the distal convoluted tubules and collecting

ducts to water thus increase water reabsorption

ANTI-DIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)

this hormone decreases urine volume, increases blood volume, and

thus increases blood pressure

ANTI-DIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)

how is anti-diuretic hormone stimulated?

stimulated by increased blood osmolality or decreased blood

pressure

if ADH is absent, will the blood be

a. diluted

b. concentrated

a. diluted

if ADH is present, will the blood be

a. diluted

b. concentrated

b. concentrated

TRUE OR FALSE: to prevent increase in bp, you have to inhibit anti-diuretic hormone

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: to prevent increase in bp, you have to release anti-diuretic hormone

fALSE!!!! dapat inhibit mo yung adh para maprevent yung pagtaas ng bp

these two hormones control water reabsorption and water volume

ADH and ANH

secretion of renin is increased by 2 factors which are:

1. Juxtaglomerular cells detect reduced stretch of the

afferent arteriole, and thus a drop in afferent arteriole

pressure

2. macula densa cells signal the juxtaglomerular cells

when the Na+ concentration of the filtrate drops

• Extensions of the renal pelvis

• Tubes through which urine flows from the kidneys to the

urinary bladder.

• Extend inferiorly and medially from the renal pelvis at the renal

hilum of each kidney to the urinary bladder, which stores urine

• Function – transport urine to urinary bladder

• Urine movement

o Peristalsis, gravity, hydrostatic pressure

THE URETERS: ANATOMY and FUNCTION

• Extensions of the renal pelvis

THE URETERS: ANATOMY and FUNCTION

• Tubes through which urine flows from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

THE URETERS: ANATOMY and FUNCTION

• Extend inferiorly and medially from the renal pelvis at the renal

hilum of each kidney to the urinary bladder, which stores urine

THE URETERS: ANATOMY and FUNCTION

The ureters extend in what directions from the renal pelvis at the renal hilum of each kidney to the urinary bladder, which stores urine?

inferiorly and medially

• Function – transport urine to urinary bladder

THE URETERS: ANATOMY and FUNCTION

• Urine movement

o Peristalsis, gravity, hydrostatic pressure

THE URETERS: ANATOMY and FUNCTION

what are the movements of urine?

peristalsis

gravity

hydrostatic pressure

• Storage of urine

• Is a hollow, muscular container that lies in the pelvic cavity just

posterior to the symphysis pubis

• Anterior to the rectum (males) and anterior to the vagina and

inferior and anterior to the uterus (females).

• Urinary bladder held in position by peritoneum

URINARY BLADDER

• Storage of urine

URINARY BLADDER

• Is a hollow, muscular container that lies in the pelvic cavity just

posterior to the symphysis pubis

URINARY BLADDER

• Anterior to the rectum (males) and anterior to the vagina and inferior and anterior to the uterus (females).

URINARY BLADDER

• Urinary bladder held in position by _____

peritoneum

• Transports urine to the outside of the body, exits the urinary

bladder inferiorly and anteriorly

• Transitional epithelium

URETHRA

What is the muscle of the urethra?

• Transitional epithelium

• Triangular region between openings of the ureters and urethra

• Expands minimally during filling

TRIGONE

• Three-layered smooth muscle, presence of this makes bladder thicker than ureters

• Found in bladder wall

• Contraction of this smooth muscle forces urine out of the urinary bladder. Increases the bladder pressure to 40 – 60 mmHg

DETRUSOR MUSCLE

• Contraction of this smooth muscle forces urine out of the urinary bladder. Increases the bladder pressure to 40 – 60 mmHg

DETRUSOR MUSCLE

• Involuntary control

• No function in females.

• In males, it contracts to keep semen from entering the urinary

bladder during sexual intercourse

• Prevents semen to backflow into the bladder

INTERNAL URINARY SPHINCTER

• is composed of skeletal muscle that surrounds the urethra as

the urethra extends through the pelvic floor

• last part/tip; to hold back urination

EXTERNAL URINARY SPHINCTER

what type of muscle does external urinary sphincter

skeletal muscle