AP/IB U.S. History Unit Two

Words found in the American Paegent Textbook (12th Edition) - APUSH Unit 3

New France

The first permanent French colony in North America, established in the early 17th century, which included parts of Canada and the Mississippi River valley.

Ohio Country

The area of New France in which the Iroquois ravaged French settlements in revenge after earlier conflicts, leading to significant territorial disputes.

Coureurs de bois

French fur traders who scavenged the wilderness of North America in search of beaver fur, a valuable aspect to arising European fashion.

Louisiana

A vast territory in North America claimed by France in the 17th and 18th centuries, stretching from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada and encompassing land west of the Mississippi River.

Antoine Cadillac

Founded Detroit in 1701 to thwart English settlers that were pushing into the Ohio River Valley

King William’s War (1689-1697)

The first of the French and Indian Wars, fought between France and England for control of North American territories.

Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713)

The second of the French and Indian Wars, it involved England fighting against France and Spain over territorial disputes in North America, culminating in the Treaty of Utrecht.

War of Jenkin’s Ear (1739-1748)

A conflict between Britain and Spain sparked by trade disputes and the mutilation of British captain Robert Jenkins, whose ear got cut off.

George Washington

Young Virginian general who shot up the Ohio River Valley in the early stages of the French and Indian War, leading to conflicts with French forces and contributing to the outbreak of war.

Cajuns

Modern-day French Acadians

Albany Plan

A proposal by Ben Franklin in 1754 for a unified government in the colonies to coordinate defense against Native Americans and French threats.

William Pitt

British Prime Minister who transformed Britain's military strategy during the Seven Years' War, focusing on colonial cooperation and resources to gain victories.

Louisbourg

A French fortress in Canada that was captured by British forces during the Seven Years' War, serving as a significant strategic victory.

French and Indian War (1754-63)

A conflict between France and Britain in North America, part of the larger Seven Years' War, involving various Native American tribes who sided with each power. It resulted in significant territorial gains for Britain.

James Wolfe

A British Army officer known for his role in the capture of Quebec during the French and Indian War, leading to a pivotal victory over the French.

Plains of Abraham

A historic battlefield located near Quebec City where British forces, led by James Wolfe, defeated the French in 1759 during the French and Indian War, marking a turning point in the conflict.

Fort Duquesne

A French fort established at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers, significant in early clashes of the French and Indian War, later captured by the British and renamed Fort Pitt.

Fort Necessity

A small fort built by George Washington in 1754 during the French and Indian War, known for its significance in the conflict's early battles and Washington's first military defeat.

Pontiac’s Rebellion

A Native American uprising that began in 1763 after the French and Indian War, led by Chief Pontiac against British fortifications and policies in the Great Lakes region.

Daniel Boone

An American frontiersman, explorer, and pioneer who played a significant role in the westward expansion of the United States, known for settling Kentucky and leading settlers through the Cumberland Gap.

Treaty of Paris (1763)

Document ending the French and Indian War, resulting in mass territorial exchange between Great Britain, France, and Spain

Proclamation of 1763

A declaration by the British Crown prohibiting colonial expansion west of the Appalachian Mountains, aimed at stabilizing relations with Native Americans after the French and Indian War.

mercantilism

an economic system that tied a country’s worth to its supply of gold and silver, emphasizing exports over imports.

Navigation Laws (1650)

parliamentary laws that restricted independent colonial trade to political rivals such as the Dutch, Spanish, and French.

enumerated products

specific goods listed in the Navigation Acts that were only permitted to be exported to England or English colonies, such as tobacco and sugar, despite better prices elsewhere.

John Hancock

A prominent American merchant and patriot, he served as president of the Second Continental Congress and is best known for his large signature on the Declaration of Independence.

Paul Revere

An American silversmith and patriot known for his midnight ride to warn the colonists of British troop movements before the battles of Lexington and Concord.

George Grenville

British Prime Minister who ordered the British navy in 1763 to begin strict enforcement of Navigation Laws

Royal veto

The authority of the British monarch to reject laws passed by colonial legislatures, limiting self-governance in the American colonies.

Sugar Act of 1764

A revenue-raising act that imposed duties on sugar and molasses imported into the American colonies, aimed at reducing smuggling and increasing British revenue.

Quartering Act of 1765

An act passed that required certain colonies to provide food and housing to British soldiers

Stamp Act of 1765

An act that mandated the use of stamped paper and stamps themselves, certifying taxes. Stamps were required for every document and publication, resulting in mass economic exploitation of the colonies.

virtual representation

the idea that Parliament represented all British subjects, despite the lack of direct representation in the colonies. This concept was used to justify taxing the American colonies without their consent.

admiralty courts

specialized courts set up by Britain to try cases related to maritime law and violations of trade regulations, often bypassing jury trials for American colonists.

Stamp Act Congress

Twenty-seven distinguished delegates from nine colonies who attempted to fight back against the Stamp Acts.

nonimportation agreements

pacts made by American colonists to boycott British goods in response to taxation.

Sons + Daughters of Liberty

Secret organizations formed to oppose British taxation and influence public opinion through protests and boycotts.

King George III

The British King during the American Revolution who enforced unpopular policies and taxes on the colonies, leading to growing tensions.

Declaratory Act (1766)

A British law asserting Parliament's authority to legislate for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever", passed in the wake of the Stamp Act's repeal.

Townshend Acts (1767)

A series of laws that imposed taxes on imported goods such as glass, paper, paint, and tea, leading to increased colonial opposition and boycotts.

The Boston Massacre

A confrontation in 1770 between British soldiers and Boston colonists that resulted in the death of five colonists and fueled anti-British sentiments.

Crispus Attucks

an African American man who is widely regarded as the first martyr of the American Revolution, killed during the Boston Massacre.

Lord North

British Prime Minister during the American Revolution, known for enforcing the Townshend Acts and the Coercive Acts.

Samuel Adams

Cousin of John Adams, a key figure in American revolutionary activism and a founding member of the Sons of Liberty.

First Continental Congress (1774)

Consultative body that lasted for seven weeks in Philadelphia to address colonial grievances and organize resistance against British policies.

Declaration of Rights

A document created by the First Continental Congress outlining the rights and grievances of the colonies against British rule.

The Association

A network formed by the First Continental Congress to enforce a complete trade boycott against Britain and promote unity among the colonies.

Lexington and Concord

The first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War, occurring on April 19, 1775, where colonial militia clashed with British troops.

Boston Tea Party

A political protest by the Sons of Liberty in December 1773, during which they dumped tea into Boston Harbor to oppose British taxation without representation.

Intolerable Acts

A series of punitive laws enacted by the British Parliament in 1774 following the Boston Tea Party, aimed at suppressing dissent in the American colonies.

Quebec Act

A 1774 law that extended Quebec's boundaries and granted religious freedom to Catholics, viewed by colonists as another instance of British overreach.

Olive Branch Petition

A final attempt by the American colonists, sent in July 1775, to avoid war with Britain by expressing loyalty to the crown while requesting the resolution of grievances.

Baron Von Steuben

A Prussian military officer who trained American troops during the Revolutionary War, significantly improving their discipline and effectiveness.

Marquis de Lafayette

A French aristocrat and military officer who played a significant role in the American Revolutionary War, serving as a major-general and providing crucial support and resources.

Lord Dunmore

The royal governor of Virginia who issued the Dunmore Proclamation in 1775, offering freedom to enslaved individuals who joined the British army, thus inciting conflict in the colonies.