Major Themes of Anatomy and Physiology

Flashcards covering major themes of Anatomy and Physiology, including historical figures, scientific methods, levels of organization, characteristics of life, homeostasis, and medical imaging techniques.

What is the study of structure called?

Anatomy

What is the study of function called?

Physiology

Which method of examining the human body involves listening to sounds produced by the body?

Auscultation

Who is known as the 'Father of medicine' and established a code of ethics?

Hippocrates

Who was the first woman to publish a medical textbook?

Metrodora

Who published the first atlas of anatomy, 'De Humani Corporis Fabrica', in 1543?

Andreas Vesalius

Who is credited with contributions representing the birth of experimental physiology and realized blood flows out from the heart and back to it again?

William Harvey

Who made significant improvements to the compound microscope, invented the specimen stage and illuminator, and was the first to see and name 'cells'?

Robert Hooke

Who invented a simple, single-lens microscope with superior magnification (200X) and made observations of blood, lake water, sperm, and bacteria?

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

Who concluded that 'all organisms were composed of cells,' forming the first tenet of the cell theory?

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

What is an educated speculation or possible answer to a question in the scientific method?

A hypothesis

What experimental design element is used to test the effects of a subject's state of mind by giving a control group a fake treatment?

Placebo (to account for psychosomatic effects)

What is the critical evaluation of scientific work by other experts in the field prior to funding or publication?

Peer review

What is an explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses?

A theory

What is the process by which populations of organisms change over time through the reproductive success of some individuals more than others?

Natural selection

What is the hierarchical level of human organization that consists of a group of organs with a unique collective function?

Organ system

What are the smallest units that carry out all basic functions of life?

Cells

What is the ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions?

Homeostasis

What type of feedback mechanism 'negates' or reverses a change to maintain a variable close to a set point?

Negative feedback

What are the three common components of a feedback loop?

Receptor, Integrating (control) center, and Effector

What type of feedback is a self-amplifying cycle that leads to greater change in the same direction, such as in childbirth?

Positive feedback

What is a difference in chemical concentration, charge, temperature, or pressure between two points that matter and energy tend to flow down?

A gradient

Which medical imaging technique uses low-intensity X-rays and computer analysis to create slice-type images?

Computed tomography (CT scan)

Which medical imaging technique utilizes radioactively labeled glucose to assess the metabolic state of tissue?

Positron emission tomography (PET)