Planet Earth Exam 3, Homework Problems

What is a caldera?

a. A crater more than one 1 km in diameter

b. A chamber where magma accumulates

c. Rock particles that come from a volcano

d. The erosional remnant of a volcano

a. A crater more than one 1 km in diameter

Which volcanic feature connects a volcano to a nearby magma chamber below?

a. Vent

b. Hot spot

c. Pipe

d. Nuée ardente

c. Pipe

Which factors decrease a magma's viscosity?

a. Lower temperature

b Fewer volatiles (gas and water)

c. A higher percentage of silica in the magma

d.All of the above

d. All of the Above

Which is an example of a shield volcano:

a. Tamboro

b. Paracutin

c. Krakatoa

d. Mauna Loa

d. Mauna Loa

Which type of volcano is high and steep, such as Mount Rainier and Mount St. Helens?

a. Stratovolcano

b. Shield volcano

c. Caldera

d. Cinder cone

a. Stratovolcano

A cinder cone records a long history of volcanic activity because it is a long-lived feature, forming over many eruptions from the same eruptive vent.

True or False

False

Which is the appropriate scale for the height of a typical cinder cone?

a. 10 meters

b. 300 meters

c. 3 kilometers

d. 10 kilometers

b. 300 meters

What two types of dangerous flows are related to eruptions at convergent boundaries?

a. Pahoehoe and mudflows

b. Aa and pahoehoe

c. Aa and pyroclastic flows

d. Mudflow and pyroclastic flow

d. Mudflow and pyroclastic flow

Which term refers to a glowing cloud of hot air-cushioned ash?

a. Hot spot

b. Pyroclastic Flow

c. Pipe

d. Vent

b. Pyroclastic Flow

What are the three parts of an eruption cloud?

a. Ash, lapilli, blocks

b. Lower region, rising region, top region

c. Gas thrust region, convective region, umbrella region

d. Hawaiian, Strombolian, Vulcanian

c. Gas thrust region, convective region, umbrella region

Which of the following describes the buildup and release of stress during an earthquake?

a. The travel time difference

b. The Modified Mercalli Scale

c. The elastic rebound theory

d. The principle of superposition

c. The elastic rebound theory

The point where movement occurred which triggered the earthquake is the _______

a. Focus

b. Dip

c. Strike

d. Epicenter

a. Focus

In general, the most destructive earthquake waves are the __________ .

a. S waves

b. P waves

c. Surface waves

d. Q waves

c. Surface waves

Earthquakes can occur with _________ faulting.

a. Normal

b. Reverse

c. Thrust

d. All of these

d. All of these

How often do magnitude 8 earthquakes occur?

a. About once a year

b. About every 50 to 100 years

c. About every 5 to 10 years

d. About 5 to 10 times per year

a. About once a year

Body waves consist of the:

a. Surface waves

b. P waves only

c. S waves only

d. P and S waves

d. P and S waves

Which of the following measures an earthquake's intensity based on the observed effects on people and structures?

a. Richter scale

b. Modified Mercalli scale

c. The Centigrade scale

d. The moment magnitude scale

b. Modified Mercalli scale

Who developed the procedure used to measure the magnitude of an earthquake?

a. Charles Richter

b. Edward Sheridan

c. Jim Hutton

d. Will Smith

a. Charles Richter

The moment magnitude of an earthquake depends on all of the following EXCEPT _______

a. The slip on the fault

b. The rigidity of the rocks

c. The type of faulting

d. The area of the fault break

c. The type of faulting

Which of the following did not occur at a plate boundary?

a. New Madrid, Missouri, 1812

b. Sumatra, 2004

c. Port Royal, Jamaica, 1692

d. Loma Prieta, California, 1989

a. New Madrid, Missouri, 1812

What is an instrument that measures earthquake waves?

a. Seismograph

b. Anemometer

c. Wave-o-meter

d. Pulsegraph

a. Seismograph

How many seismic stations are needed to locate an earthquake?

a. 1

b. 2

c. 3

d. 4

c. 3

The difference in arrival times between which pair of waves can be used to determine the distance to the epicenter?

a. P and surface

b. P and S

c. S and surface

b. P and S

The Moho separates:

a. The asthenosphere from the mesosphere

b. The crust from the mantle

c. The lithosphere from the asthenosphere

d. The outer core from the inner core

b. The crust from the mantle

Which one of the following term associations is FALSE?

a. Lithosphere --- rigid solid

b. Outer core --- rigid solid

c. Asthenosphere --- plastic behavior

d. Continental crust --- rigid solid

b. Outer core --- rigid solid

The lithosphere includes:

a. Crust and uppermost, rigid mantle

b. Outer core and inner core

c. Asthenosphere and mesosphere

d. Outer core and lower mantle

a. Crust and uppermost, rigid mantle

How thick is continental crust?

a. 100-200 kms

b. 2900 kms

c. 5-8 kms

d. 40-65 kms

d. 40-65 kms

The sharp increase in velocity of S-waves at 400 and 670 kilometers depth in the mantle are probably caused by ___________.

a. Changes to more compact mineral structures

b. Changes in the composition of the mantle

c. Changes in the pressure of the mantle

d. Changes in the temperature of the mantle

a. Changes to more compact mineral structures

If an S wave were to go from a solid to a liquid - what would happen to its velocity?

a. Stay the same

b. Increase

c. Decrease a little

d. Decrease to 0.0

d. Decrease to 0.0

The P-wave shadow zone is found from

a. 105-140 degrees from the focus

b. 0 to 90 degrees from the focus

c. 140 and 180 degrees from the focus

d. 30 and 105 degrees from the focus

a. 105-140 degrees from the focus

The east coast of North America represents a _________

a. Convergent boundary

b. Transform boundary

c. Passive margin

d. Divergent boundary

c. Passive margin

Stretching stresses, basaltic lavas, and shallow earthquakes are associated with ______

a. Subduction zones

b. Continent/continent convergence

c. Spreading centers

d. Transform boundaries

c. spreading centers

Compressive stresses, granitic magmas, and intermediate depth earthquakes are associated with __________

a. Spreading centers

b. Continent/continent convergence

c. Transform boundaries

d. Subduction zones

b. Continent/continent convergence

Shearing stresses and shallow earthquakes are associated with...

a. Spreading centers

b. Continent/continent convergence

c. Transform boundaries

d. Subduction zones

c. Transform boundaries

If the Atlantic Ocean is widening at a rate of 3 cm per year how far (in kilometers) will it spread in a million years?

a. 300 kilometers

b. 30 kilometers

c. 30 miles

d. kilometers

b. 30 kilometers

What is a craton?

a. Any continental rock

b. Ocean lithosphere that is older than 400 million years old

c.A piece of continental crust that has been subducted

d. A portion of a continental plate that has been relatively undisturbed since the Precambrian Era

d. A portion of a continental plate that has been relatively undisturbed since the Precambrian Era

Can lava erupt underwater?

a. Yes, but only in shallow water

b. No, there are no volcanoes near the ocean

c. Yes, and it forms pillows

d. No, the seawater freezes it immediately

c. Yes, and it forms pillows

The Hawaiian Islands formed at a _________

a. Convergent boundary

b. Transform boundary

c. Divergent boundary

d. Hot spot

d. Hot spot

Oceanic crust becomes progressively _________ the farther it is from a mid-ocean ridge:

a. Younger

b. Older

c. Neither, it doesn't change

b. Older

Which is not a layer of ocean crust?

a. Sediment

b. Pillow lavas

c. Sheeted dikes

d. Granite batholiths

d. Granite batholoths

What kind of plate boundary would tension dominate?

a. convergent (subduction zone)

b. divergent (mid ocean ridge)

c. transform (strike slip)

b. divergent (mid ocean ridge)

What kind of plate boundary would compression dominate?

a. convergent (subduction zone)

b. divergent (mid ocean ridge)

c. transform (strike slip)

convergent (subduction zone)

At what kind of plate boundary would shear stress dominate?

a. convergent (subduction zone)

b. divergent (mid ocean ridge)

c. transform (strike slip)

c. transform (strike slip)

What is a contour line?

A. A line showing equal air pressure

B. A line showing depth below surface to a formation

C. A line on a map connecting points of equal elevation

D. A surface of erosion or nondeposition

C. A line on a map connecting points of equal elevation

What is a physiographic province?

a. an area that shares a similar type of stream flow

b. a region delineated according to similar terrain that has been shaped by a common geologic history

c. a region underlain by either granite or gneiss rocks

d. a region that has not been yet deformed since the Precambrian

b. a region delineated according to similar terrain that has been shaped by a common geologic history

New Jersey geology records which has two super continents?

a. Nasca and Cocos

b. Pangea and Rodinia

c. Gondwana and Atlantica

d. Antarctic and Australia

b. Pangea and Rodinia

What are the two most common types in the Highlands Province?

a. Quartzite and Marble

b. Sandstone and shake

c. Limestong and conglomerate

d. Granite and gneiss

d. Granite and gneiss

What age are the rocks of the Valley and Ridge province?

a. Cretaceous to Miocene

b. Triassic to Jurassic

c. Cambrian to Devonian

d. Precambrian

c. Cambrian to Devonian

What kind of rocks make up the Valley and Ridge province?

a. resistant red shales and silts

b. 95% granite and gneiss

c. Erosion-resistant sandstone and easily-eroded shale and limestone

d. Deep water carbonates

c. Erosion-resistant sandstone and easily-eroded shale and limestone

How did the Newark Basin Form?

a. it was a passive margin that formed when Rodinia rifted

b. it is a graben that formed at a mid ocean ridge

c. it is a rift basin formed by the break up of pangea

d. It formed during the collision of Gondwana and North America

c. it is a rift basin formed by the break up of pangea

which kind of Newark Basin sediments were deposited in a deep lake?

a. Black shales

b. Limestone

c. Course sandstones

d. red siltstones

a. Black shales

What kind of rocks form the resistant layers in the Watchung Mountains?

a. limestone

b. sandstone

c. basalt lava flows

d. shale

c. basalt lava flows

Deposition of sediments on the New Jersey Coastal plain was dominated by:

a. plate tectonics

b. solar activity

c. sea level change

d. Landfill dumping

c. sea level change

What happens during a transgression?

a. superposition no longer applies

b. sea level rises

c. sea level falls

d. sedimentation stops

b. sea level rises