Anatomy Lecture Exam 4

aortic arch

aortic arch

A

brachiocephalic trunk

B

Superior Vena Cava

C

right pulmonary arteries

D

ascending aorta

E

fossa ovalis

F

opening of coronary sinus

G

right atrium

H

pectinate muscles

I

conus arteriosus

J

Cusp of right AV (tricuspid) valve

K

chordae tendineae

L

papillary muscle

M

right ventricle

N

inferior vena cava

O

left common carotid artery

P

left subclavian artery

Q

ligamentum arteriosum

R

pulmonary trunk

S

pulmonary valve

T

left pulmonary arteries

U

left pulmonary veins

V

interatrial septum

W

aortic valve

X

cusp of left AV (mitral) valve

Y

left atria

Z

left ventricle

AA

interventricular septum

AB

trabeculae carneae

B.C

moderator band

CD

descending aorta

AC

intracellular fluid

in cells (largest component of water)

extracellular fluid

outside of cells

interstitial fluid

between cells; not in blood

plasma

fluid portion of blood

plasma

• higher O2

• lower CO2

• higher dissolved proteins

interstitial fluid

• lower O2

• higher CO2

• lower dissolved proteins

plasma proteins

• albumins (60%)

• globulins (35%)

• fibrinogen (4%)

• regulatory proteins ( < 1%)

albumins

major contributors to osmotic pressure of plasma; transport lipids, steroid hormones and thyroid hormones

• help keep blood inside blood vessels by regulating osmotic pressure / factors

• largest component

globulins

plasma proteins that transport ions, hormones, lipids; immune functions

• transport globulins

• immunoglobulins

fibrinogen

plasma proteins that forms blood clots by converting to fibrin.

• serum

• anticoagulants

serum

plasma with clotting proteins removed

anticoagulants

compounds that prevent fibrin formation

cellular components

• RBCs (99.9%)

• WBCs ( < 0.1%)

• platelets ( < 0.1%)

Red blood cells

erythrocytes

white blood cells

leukocytes

• neutrophils

• eosinophils

• basophils

• lymphocytes

• monocytes

platelets

thrombocytes

hematocrit

% of blood sample volume made of erythrocytes

If low hematocrit

• anemia

• blood loss

• micronutrient deficiency

• chronic infection

if high hematocrit

• dehydration

• polycythemia

• lung / heart disease

RBC

• biconcave disc

  • large SA

  • flexible

• lack most organelles

  • anucleated

  • no mitochondria

• contain hemoglobin: respiratory pigment

rouleaux formations

RBCs stacked on top of each other

hemoglobin (Hb)

has 4 heme units

heme units

where O2 and Co2 will bind to Hb

bohr effect

pH will impact binding affinity of O2 to Hb

• changes in Hb O2 affinity due to pH changes

• decreased pH Hb release O2

• increased pH Hb take up O2

respiratory acidosis

too much CO2

respiratory alkalosis

too little CO2

metabolic acidosis

low pH and HCO3-

metabolic alkalosis

high pH and HCO3-

blood types

• genetically determined

• based on RBC surface antigens

• antibodies produced against non-self antigens

• donor/recipient compatibility

Rh groups

• Rh+

• Rh-

• anti Rh antibodies only produces when Rh- individuals are exposed to Rh antigens

Rh+

RBC have Rh surface antigens

Rh-

RBC lack Rh surface antigens

O-

universal donor

AB+

universal recipient

Rh antibodies produced if Rh- person is exposed to Rh+ via:

• pregnancy: Rh- mother; Rh+ fetus

• blood transfusion

cross-reaction

when antibody meets specific antigen

agglutination

clumping of RBCs and antibodies

hemolysis

rupturing of RBCs

donor/recipient compatibility

• cross-reaction

• agglutination

• hemolysis

diapedesis

leukocytes squeeze between endothelial cells to leave capillaries

chemotaxis

chemical signals that attract leukocytes to infections

agranulocytes

lack cytoplasmic granules

• monocytes

• lymphocytes

monocytes

large cells; kidney-shaped nucleus

• use chemotaxis

• attract fibroblasts to encase pathogen in collagen

• produce scar tissue

lymphocytes

round nucleus; responsible for specific immunity

• primary cells of lymphatic system

• can differentiate in into: T, B and NK cells

T cells

enter tissues to directly attack pathogens

B cells

produce plasma cells that secrete antibodies

NK cells

attack abnormal cells; immune surveillance

granulocytes

have cytoplasmic granules

• neutrophils

• eosinophils

• basophils

neutrophils

multilobed nucleus

• granules are vacuoles w/lysosomal enzymes and bactericidal compounds

• phagocytotic

• short-lived- will secrete chemotaxic chemicals upon death

eosinophils

bilobed nucleus

• attack objects marked with antibodies

• involved w/ allergies and/or parasites

• secrete compounds that reduce inflammation

basophils

very high density of granules

• histamine

• heparin

histamine

dilate blood vessels to enable diapedesis

heparin

prevents blood clots

thrombocytes (platelets)

• derived from megakaryocytes

• hemostasis

• clump together to form a platelet plus using fibrin

• contain actin and myosin that function to contract clot

megakaryocytes

fragment forming bits & pieces of membrane-encolsed packets of chemicals

hemostasis

blood clotting

hemopoiesis

general process of blood cell formation; red marrow; yellow marrow can be converted to red

lymphatic stem cells

• NK cells

• T cells

• B cells

myeloid stem cells

• neutrophils

• basophils

• eosinophil

• macrophages

• megakaryocyte

  • platelets

• erythrocytes

erythropoiesis

erythrocytes formation

• in red marrow

• requires Vitamin B12, amino cards, and Fe

• Erythropoietin

erythropoietin

glycoprotein hormone by kidney and liver in response to low O2; hypoxia

• stimulates erythroblast and stem cell division rates

• speeds up Hb formation

leukopoiesis

differentiation of myeloid cells into leukocytes

• colony-stimulating factors

colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)

hormones that stimulate leukocytes production

lymphopoiesis

differentiation of lymphoid cells into lymphocytes

• lymphoid stem cells will also travel to peripheral lymphatic tissue

  • thymus

  • spleen

  • lymph nodes

atria

receive blood

ventricles

send blood out

left side of heart

oxygen rich blood

right side of heart

oxygen poor blood

pulmonary circuit

send blood to lungs