BIOL 3204 Final Exam Review

Fats are...

commonly made of triglycerides

Compounds that are necessary to support life, but cannot be made in sufficient quantity are called...

Essential nutrients

An unknown hormone is synthesized in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary. This hormone is released in increasing levels as the posterior pituitary is repeatedly stimulated by feedback from the body. This hormone must be a \____ and is likely part of a \______.

neurohormone; positive feedback loop

Enzymes increase chemical reaction rates by...

decreasing the activation energy

The following are characteristics of hormones:

They only elicit a response at the target tissue/cell; they travel to target cells through the blood

Amino acids are the building blocks of?

Proteins

The comparative approach in biology allows us to...

determine shared versus derived parts or features

A \______ competes with a ligand and triggers a biological response when bound.

Agonist

Which is an example of negative feedback?

Regulating body temp; regulating blood sugar; the HPA axis

Which of the following is true endocrine tissue (as opposed to nervous tissue)?

anterior pituitary

The false or dishonest presentation of a claim in order to appear to have the legitimacy of science is called:

pseudoscience

Each of the following is true about cell membrane:

the lipid:protein ratio varies widely depending on the metabolic activity of the cell; they have receptors for communication with other cells; phospholipids, glycoproteins, and cholesterol are all found in cell membranes.

Hypertonic

Shriveled

Isotonic

Normal

Hypotonic

Lysed/Burst

Which of the following is a characteristic of epithelial tissue?

It has tight cell-to-cell connections

Which statement about intracellular receptors is true?

Binding of intracellular receptors typically triggers DNA transcription; amino acid derived hormones can bind intracellular receptors; hormone classes that bind intracellular receptors can sometimes bind membrane receptors

What is the most important reason we breathe oxygen and transport it to our cells?

to keep electrons flowing through the ETC

Which reaction is typically catabolic?

A -\> B + C + Energy

Which of the following requires a protein, but does not require ATP?

Facilitated Diffusion

Hormones act on target cells by controlling \_____.

Rates of enzymatic reactions; transport across cell membranes; gene expression and protein synthesis.

Metabolic catalysts made of proteins are called...

enzymes

Lipids are all...

Hydrophobic

If a hormone is not derived from cholesterol or an amino acid it must be...

a peptide hormone

Most autocrine signals are also...

paracrines

A messenger molecule binds a cell membrane receptor which activates \_____ leading to a signal cascade. This is an example of a \______ hormone.

a G-protein, peptide; a G-protein, catecholamine

Which membrane functions are carried out by proteins?

Regulation of exchange; Communication

This most common tissue type serves to support, protect, strengthen, and insulate other tissues:

connective

Which tissue is the major link between the endocrine and nervous systems

hypothalamus

The synchronized contraction of cardiac muscle is facilitated by signals passing through...

gap junctions

When a chemical messenger operates through a second messenger system:

The membrane-bound receptor must communicate its message to the rest of the cell through action of a second protein

Which is TRUE of catecholamines?

Catecholamines are derived from tyrosine

Lipophilic messengers typically bind receptors on the inside of the cell.

True

What was a major advancement in human health in the United States over the past 100 years? What is a major challenge to public health in the United States today?

Vaccines, Drug overdoses

The binding of glutamate to excitatory receptors on a neuron's cell body would....

cause the interior of the cell to become more positive

Which cells are located ONLY in the central nervous system and act to connect other neurons?

interneurons

Which statement accurately describes why a graded potential loses amplitude as it moves away from its stimulus?

Charged ions leak out of the membrane before reaching the trigger zone.

Both the cell body and the axon have Na+ channels. Are these channels the same or different? if so, how?

Different, cell body has chemically-gated channels and axon has voltage-gated channels

A neuronal pathway emerging from the cranial region that slows the heart rate must be a...

parasympathetic pathway

What levels of hormone production would you expect at each tier of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid (HPT) axis if a person has a functioning pituitary tumor?

High levels of thyroid stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary, high levels of thyroid hormone from the thyroid, and low levels of thyrotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus

The total amount of neurotransmitter released at the axon terminal is directly related to the...

total number of action potentials

Together the brain and spinal cord form the...

central nervous system

The nervous system's ability to communicate is primarily dependent on the movement of...

charged particles

How does electroencephalography (EEG) detect brain activity?

free electrons in the metal electrodes respond to the flow of ions in and out of neurons

Which of the following is secreted by neurons AND acts via diffusion across a synapse?

Neurotransmitters

The brain area described as the center for emotions is the...

the limbic system

During sexual intercourse, secretion and lubrication of the vagina is accomplished via parasympathetic innervation to the uterus, while contraction of the uterus (and/or vagina) is accomplished via sympathetic innervation. Similar to the male orgasm, these are best described as \________

Synergistic (or cooperative) effects

The brain is mostly composed of...

neuroglial cells

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A neurotransmitter that hyperpolarizes the cell makes the body more positive

In order for an action potential to be propagated, the threshold membrane potential in the cell body must be reached...

Once, at the axon hillock

Agonistic effects on the primary endocrine gland will typically cause \______ production of the primary hormone, \___ production of releasing hormone from the hypothalamus, and \______ production of tropic hormone from the anterior pituitary.

increased; decreased; decreased

Which neurocrine behaves as a neurohormone in the PNS and as a neurotransmitter in the CNS?

Epinephrine

The state of the neuronal membrane in which its internal environment is negative relative to its external environment is called?

the resting membrane potential

You are assessing a patient who presented with intersex genitalia. You find that this individual is genetically male (has) 1 X chrom. & 1 Y chrom.) & possesses the testis-determining factor (SRY gene). Further, they are producing adequate levels of GRnH, FSH, and testosterone. What is the most likely explanation for this individual's intersex genitalia?

absent or inactive testosterone receptors

During a dissection, you observe a motor neuron that exits the spinal column at the level of thoracic vertebrae \#3. It reaches its autonomic ganglion almost immediately upon exiting the spinal column. This must be a:

Sympathetic pathway

Which of the following is true about efferent info in the CNS?

carries from CNS by motor neurons

A presynaptic neuron releases excitatory neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft twice in a span of ms. The resulting graded potential in the postsynaptic neuron reaches threshold & fires an action potential. This is an ex. of?

Temporal Summation

What is the sequence of cellular events that correctly describes a neuron firing an action potential?

A stimulus causes a graded potential; The graded potential reaches threshold at the axon hillock; Voltage-gated Na channels open near the axon hillock; Additional voltage-gated Na channels open along the axon; The Na-K pump establishes resting membrane potential.

Info coming into the CNS is transmitted along \______ neurons.

afferent

Imagine a scenario where a presynaptic neuron's voltage-gated Ca+ channels failed to open in response to the neuron's depolarization. Which of the following would result from this situation?

Neurotransmitter would not bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.

This part of the brain processes general sensory info & the size of the area dedicated to each part of the body is correlated with receptor concentration...

somatosensory cortex

In a complex endocrine pathway, long-loop negative feedback inhibits...

the hypothalamus and/or the pituitary

Which statement about the myelin sheath is FALSE?

Every neuron is wrapped in a myelin sheath

A neurohormone releases ACH into the synaptic cleft at its target tissue. The ACH binds muscarinic receptors initiating a response in the target tissue. Which autonomic pathway is this?

parasympathetic

If the white matter of the spinal cord is damaged, what symptoms would you expect?

impaired movement; impaired sensory relay

Which if the following is NOT true of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

It is considered the major integrating center of the body

During the rising phase of the action potential...

Na+ moves down both a concentration and electrical gradient

Which of the following is/are FALSE regarding the sodium-potassium (NaK) pump?

The pump moves 3 Na ions into the cell for every 2 K it moves out.

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the blood-brain barrier?

Protects the medulla oblongata from vomit-inducing chemicals

Considering a neuron with excitatory post-synaptic potential, you would predict that a drug binding and inactivating the breakdown enzyme for its neurotransmitter would result in...

more post-synaptic action potentials

The neurons of the special senses each carry info to cortexes in the brain that are specific to each sense. However, general sensation info is all carries to the...

somatosensory cortex

What is TRUE about the proteins troponin and tropomyosin in skeletal muscle contraction?

They inhibit the bindings necessary for contraction

Which of the below is NOT a characteristic of olfaction that we discussed in class?

Olfaction is one of the 3 senses contributing to our sense of equilibrium

Which of the following is NOT required prior to skeletal muscle fiber contraction?

Ca++ must enter the muscle fiber from the extracellular fluid

A decrease in the release of neurotransmitter from the photoreceptor would indicate an...

increase in light intensity

Which is true about tonic receptors?

They adapt slowly to constant stimulus

If a drug inhibits acetylcholinesterase activity in the neuromuscular junction, what effect does the drug have on the membrane potential of the muscle fiber?

It would remain depolarized

Which is true for a somatic motor neuron action potential but not a skeletal muscle fiber action potential?

Leads to release of ACh

The sarcolemma of a muscle fiber serves the same function as the \_____ in other cells:

cell membrane

In smooth muscle, the Ca2+ necessary for contraction can come from...

the sarcoplasmic reticulum; the extracellular fluid

Which phases of a muscle twitch require ATP?

Relaxation period; contraction period

In skeletal muscle, after neurotransmitters bind to their receptors the chemically-gated Na+ channels open. What happens next?

The opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels

Why do you think the taste receptor cells in a taste bud are joined by tight junctions?

To force dissolved chemicals flowing into a taste pore to interact with the taste receptor cells.

Bob fell off a ladder trying to clean out his gutters. His wife rushed him to the emergency room. The doctor tested his knee-jerk reflex and found it was normal. These results suggest that?

Bob has no damage to his spinal cord.

\______ control allows the body to anticipate a stimulus and begin a movement, whereas \____ feedback will generally result in the cessation of that movement.

Feedforward; negative

Compared to skeletal muscle, contraction of smooth muscle cells is...

a slower response to stimulus; sustained without fatigue

If glutamate is normally an excitatory neurotransmitter, why are some bipolar cells turned ON by light and some OFF by light?

Different receptors

A person with defective rods will have trouble...

distinguishing shapes at the periphery of the visual field; seeing well in the dark

Muscle tension sensory receptor type

mechanoreceptor

Osmolality sensory receptor type

nicotinic

Temperature sensory receptor type

thermoreceptor

Sucrose solution sensory receptor type

chemoreceptor

In a healthy individual, where would you NOT expect to find significant amounts of creatine kinase?

blood

Stretching a muscle spindle causes...

Reflex contraction of that muscle

In the human eye, if the \______ focuses the light anywhere but the \______ then vision is imperfect.

lens, fovea

After an injury, Jodie has difficulty recognizing and interpreting certain sounds. These symptoms imply damage to the...

auditory cortex

What type of receptors are the hair cells that bend to open ion channels in the cochlea?

Simple, mechanoreceptors

Which characteristic of slow-twitch oxidative skeletal muscle fibers?

Long contraction duration AND many mitochondria

The way the rods of the eye communicate with their secondary neurons is an example of...

convergence

During crossbridge cycling, the binding of ATP to the myosin head...

Releases the myosin head from actin