DEP 2000 EXAM 1

critical period

an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

sensitive period

a point in development when organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments, but the absence of those stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences

hypothesis

a specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen in a study.

developmental theory

any theory based on the continuity of human development and the importance of early experiences in shaping personality.

socioeconomic status

Person's position in society as determined by income, wealth, occupation, education, and place of residence

difference-equals-deficit error

The assumption that people who are different are thereby deficient, which means lacking in some important ways

Correlation

It exists between two variables if one variable is more (or less) likely to occur when the other does.

Positive correlation

Both variables tend to increase or decrease together.

Negative correlation

One variable tends to increase while the other decreases

Zero correlation

No connection is evident.

cohort

a group of people born at around the same time in the same place

generation

A group of people born around the same time

Ecological systems theory

the person should be considered in all of the contexts and interactions that constitute a life.

Micro (Ecological Systems Theory )

the layer closest to the child and contains the structures with which the child has direct contact (family, peer groups, classroom, neighborhood, house of worship)

Macro (Ecological Theory)

focuses on how cultural elements affect a child's development, such as socioeconomic status, wealth, poverty, and ethnicity

Domains of Development

physical, cognitive, emotional and social

empirical evidence

scientific evidence obtained by careful observation and experimentation

Scientific Method

A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.

experiment

Research method in which the researcher tries to determine the cause-and-effect relationship between two variables

independent variable

Variable that is introduced to see what effect it has on the dependent variable

dependent variable

Variable that may change as a result of whatever new condition or situation the experimenter adds

Genes

Chemical factors that determine traits

Nature

Variable that may change as a result of whatever new condition or situation the experimenter adds

nuture

General term for all of the environmental influences that affect development after an individual is conceived.

Piaget

theorist that developed a series of stages in which an individual passes during cognitive development.

Piaget: Assimilation

General term for all of the environmental influences that affect development after an individual is conceived

Piaget: Accommodation

General term for all of the environmental influences that affect development after an individual is conceived

Piaget stages of development

* Sensorimotor stage (0-2 years old)
* Preop__erational stage (2-7 years old)__
* Concrete operational stage (7-11 years old)
* Formal operational stage (11 years old through adulthood)

Piaget: Schemas

A set of thoughts, ideas, or perceptions that fit together and are constantly challenged by gaining new information and creating change through knowledge

classical conditioning

Learning occurs through association.

Result: This association becomes the conditioned response in certain situations

operant conditioning

Learning occurs through reinforcement and punishment.

Result: Weak and rare responses become strong and frequent. Unwanted responses become extinct

positive reinforcement

the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus

negative reinforcement

the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus

social learning theory

Extension of behaviorism that emphasizes influence that other people have over a person's behavior.

ex. observational learning, modeling

Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development

Skills, knowledge, and concepts that learner is close to acquiring but cannot master without help

Erickson's theory

* Described 8 developmental stages, each characterized by a challenging developmental crisis.
* added 3 adult stages (modeled after Freud)

Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory

* Focus on the influences of early childhood
* Emphasis on unconscious motives/conflicts
* Primary focus on sexual and aggressive urges

alleles

different versions of a gene

monozygotic twins (identical)

- Originate from one zygote that splits apart very early in development

dizygotic twins (fraternal)

* Result from fertilization of two separate ova by two separate sperm.
* These twins have half their genes in common and occur twice as often.
* Incidence is genetic and varies by ethnicity and age.

polygenic traits

Trait is influenced by many genes

Trisomy 21

* aka Down syndrome
* Called trisomy-21 because the person has three copies of chromosome 21

How many chromosomes do humans have?

46, 23 from each parent

Autosomes

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome. (44)

Gametes

sex cells (2)

determination of XX and XY

the last chromosome is what determines gender.

XX=female

XY= Male

Genotype

An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations.

Phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.

Epigenetics

the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

Stages of Prenatal Development

germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage

germinal stage

the 2-week period of prenatal development that begins at conception.

* Zygote begins duplication within hours of conception
* development of the placenta

Embryonic period

the period from two to eight weeks after fertilization, where

* primitive streak becomes the neural tube and later forms the brain and spine of the CNS


* head take shape
* eyes, ears, nose, and mouth form
* heart begins to pulsate
* extremities develop and webbed fingers and toes separate

fetal stage

\-ninth week after conception until birth

\-Genitals form and sex hormones cause differences in brain organization.

* Heartbeat detectable via stethoscope
* Cortex is not fully mature at birth
* Brain at birth is biggest part of baby

Cephlacaudal growth principle

Occurring in the long axis of the body especially in the direction from head to tail.

proximodistal growth principle

growth starts from the torso, or the body's center, and moves outwards, to the arms and the legs.

stages of labor

\-The first stage of labor is usually the longest as your body gets ready for delivery.

\-The second stage of labor is the process of delivering your baby after your cervix has fully dilated.

\-The third stage of labor occurs after the baby is born and lasts until the placenta is delivered.

Preterm

a pregnancy that has reached 20 weeks of gestation but ends before completion of 37 weeks of gestation

anoxia

lack of oxygen at birth

age of viability

the age at which a baby can survive in the event of a premature birth

Doula

Woman who helps with labor, delivery, breast-feeding, and newborn care

ceserean section

removal of an infant through an incision of the abdominal wall

induced labor

labor that is hastened by medical intervention rather than occurring naturally

epidural

an epidural anesthetic, used especially in childbirth to produce loss of sensation below the waist.

Postpartum

the time after childbirth

influence of fathers presence at a childs

\-help mother's stay healthy

* helps mother manage stress
* provides legal acceptance of the birth

newborn reflexes

* Babinski reflex
* Stepping reflex
* palmar grasping reflex
* moro reflex

Babinski reflex

Reflex in which a newborn fans out the toes when the sole of the foot is touched

stepping reflex

a neonatal reflex in which an infant lifts first one leg and then the other in a coordinated pattern like walking

palmar grasp reflex

in response to stroking a baby's palm, the baby's hand will grasp. This reflex lasts a few months

Moro reflex

Infant reflex where a baby will startle in response to a loud sound or sudden movement.

Apgar scale

Quick assessment of newborn's heart rate, breathing, muscle tone, color, and reflexes

parent-child bonding

It nurtures the physical, emotional and social development of the child. It is a unique bond that every child and parent will can enjoy and nurture. This relationship lays the foundation for the child's personality, life choices and overall behaviour.

least developed sense at birth

vision

most developed sense at birth

hearing

fine motor skills

physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers, such as drawing and picking up a coin

gross motor skills

physical abilities involving large body movements, such as walking and jumping

Piaget's sensorimotor stage

Piaget's term for the way infants think—by using their senses and motor skills—during the first period of cognitive development

Piaget substages

1. Reflexes
2. Primary circular reactions
3. Secondary circular reactions
4. Coordination of reactions
5. Tertiary circular reactions
6. Early representational thought

Reflexes (0-1 month)

the child understands the environment purely through inborn reflexes such as sucking and looking.

Primary Circular Reactions (1-4 months

simple motor habits centered around own body.

ex. sucking thumb

Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8 months)

Repetition of interesting acts on objects (e.g., repeatedly shake a rattle to make an interesting noise or bat a mobile to make it wiggle)

Coordination of Reactions (8-12 months)

Babies imitate others' behaviors, behave intentionally, understand that unseen things exist. Beginning of object permanence.

Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 months)

Children begin a period of trial-and-error experimentation during the fifth substage. For example, a child may try out different sounds or actions as a way of getting attention from a caregiver.

Language Development Stages

cooing, babbling, one-word speech, telegraphic speech, whole sentences

holophrases

one-word sentences commonly used by children under 2 years of age

telegraphic speech

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs.

babbling stage

babies spontaneously uttering a variety of words, such as ah-goo

child-directed speech

language spoken in a higher pitch than normal with simple words and sentences

object permanence

realization that objects or people continue to exist when they are no longer in sight

tv in infancy

most developmentalists find that videos during are not substitutes for loving, face-to-face relationships

social referencing

seeking emotional responses or information from other people

attachment styles

secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized

secure attachment

a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver

insecure-avoidant attachment

a pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver's presence, departure, or return

ambivalent attachment style

is wary about the situation in general, particularly the stranger, and stays close or even clings to the mother rather than exploring the toys

disorganized attachment style

child seems to have no consistent way of coping with the stress of the strange situation

strange situation test

Gradually subjecting a child to a stressful situation and observing his or her behavior toward the parent or caregiver. This test is used to classify children according to type of attachment—secure, resistant, avoidant, or disorganized/disoriented.

visual cliff experiment

created by E.J. Gibson, used to determine when infants can perceive depth

Erikson's first two stages

infancy- basic trust vs mistrust

toddler- autonomy vs shame and doubt

separation anxiety

the distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider departs