Parasitology LEC

Micro means

small

Bio means

life

Logos means

science

True/False

Many microbes are useful (friendly)

True

What are the two types of Microbes?

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A) Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

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B) Acellular and Cellular

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B

What are the two types of Cells

Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

True or False

Only Eukaryotes have a Nucleus

True

Godfather of microbiology

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

also invented the first microscope.

A microscoptic animal

animalcules

The type of microscope leeuwenhoek developed

simple or single lens microscope

Robert Koch

Developed the germ theory of disease

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“specific microbes cause specific disease”

he also developed staining and photographing bacteria

Edward Jenner

developed the smallpox vaccine

Louis Pasteur

developed pasteurization.

Joseph Lister

used phenol as an antiseptic and stressed the use of sterile equipment to lower mortality rate.

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he was a british surgeon

asepsis

without infection

antisepsis

against infection

Alexander Flemming

Developed penicillin.

Ronald Ross

Discovered malarial parasite in mosquito

Ignaz Semmelweis

The father of handwashing

Cell theory

all things are composed of cells and come from pre existing cells

the golden age of microbiology

1857-1914

Microbes are responsible for the process in

fermentation

fermentation is the conversion of

sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine

treatment with chemicals is

chemotherapy

used to treat infectious disease either synthetic drug or antiobiotic

chemotherapeutic agents

are chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes

antibiotics

harvested from treat bark to treat malaria

quinine

he developed an arsenic drug called salvarsan to treat syphilis

paul ehrlich

Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic in

1928

penincillin was mass produced in

1940

bacteriology

bacteria

mycology

fungi

parasitology

protozoa and parasitic worms

immunology

immunity

virology

viruses

Bacillus thuringiensis infections are fatal in ____ __but harmless to__ __ __and__ ____

are fatal to insects but harmless to animals and humans

biotechnology

the use of microbes to produce food and chemicals

genetic engineering

a new technique for biotechnology

normal microbiota

prevent growth of pathogens and produces growth factors such as folic acid and vitamin k

reistance

the ability of the body to ward off disease

infectious disease (EID)

new diseases and diseases increasing in evidence

examples of EID

West nile encephalitis

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy

Escherichia coli

Invasive group A streptococcus

Ebola

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

Acquired immunodeficiency (AIDS)

Anthrax

The _____ is the fundamental unit of any living organism because it exhibits the basic characteristic of life

cell

the two categories of cells

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic

Bacteria and Archaea are examples of

Prokaryotes

Examples of Eukaryotes are

Algae Protozoa and Fungi

Examples of those not composed of cells

viruses, prions, viroids

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cell walls are present in

plants

algae

fungi

most bacteria

cell walls are absent in

animals

protozoa

mycoplasma species

classification of bacteria by shape

Spherical - Cocci

Rod shaped -Bacilli

Short rods/elongated sphered - Coccobacilli

Curved/Spiral shaped - Spiralla

Various shaped - Pleomorphic ( cell wall deficient bacteria )

Cocci can form in

chains and clusters

bacilli can form in

pairs

side by side

chains

short rod

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Spirochetes can form in

tightly coiled and less tightly coiled

each bacterial genome carries about

genetic information of about 3000 genes

motility of a bacteria is its

ability to swim ( prescense of flagella)

morphology of a bacteria vary in

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size

color

shape

elevation

appearance in edge

classification of bacterial staining

examine bacteria via staining

smear

dry

fix

observed cell morphology

acid fast staining

to stain gram variable bacteria

gram staining procedure was discovered by

Dr HC gram in 1883

Positive gram stain is

blue to purple in color

Negative gram stain is

pink to red in color

flagella

composed of threads of protein called flagellin

peritrichous bacteria

flagella over entire surface

lophotrichous bacteria

many flagella at one side

amphitrichous bacteria

flagella at both ends

monotrichous bacteria

single polar flagellum

Pili

hair like structures and not associated with movement

Sex pilus

transfer of genetic material frm one bacteria to another

taxonomy

the science with the description identification and naming of organism

classification

is the grouping of organisms based particular characters and it not arranged in hierarchical order

history of taxonomy

the first father was Aristotle and he was called the father of science

aristotle introduced the two key concepts of

classification of organisms by type and binomial definition

taxonomy

the science of classification of living organisms

Tool for remembering the sequence of Taxa

KDCOFGS

kingdom

division

class

order

family

genus

species

common/descriptive names

are names for organisms that are common in use but are not taxonomic

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Useful properties in classification

colony morphology

cell shape and arrangement

cell wall structure (gram straining)

special cellular structures

biochemical characteristics

Serological tests

used for group specific antiserum isolated from the plasma of animals

Nucleic properties in classification

mixing ssDNA from two different species determine the percentage of the DNA that can form dsDNA hybrids

Nucleic acid sequencing

provide genes for specific enzymes

Archaea is divited into two phyla

Phylum Crenarchaeota and Phylum Euryarchaeota

Phylum Crenachaeota

originally contains thermophylic and hyperthermophilic sulfur-metabolizing archea

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inhibited by sulfur and grow at lower temperatures

Phylum euryarchaeota

contains primarily methanogenic archaea, halophilic archaea and thermophilic sulfur reducing archaea

Phylum aquiflexa

earliest deepest branch of bacteria

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obtains energy from hydrogen via chemolithotrophic pathways

phylum cyanobacteria

oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria

phylum chlorobi

green sulfur bacteria

Phylum proteobacteria

largest group of gram negative bacteria

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sometimes called the purple bacteria

phylum proteobacteria are divided into

5 classes alpha beta gamma delta epsilon proteobacterias

phylogeny of domain eucarya is divided into 4 kingdoms

kingdom protista fungi animalia and plantae

phylum bacteroidetes

include flavobacterium, flexibacter and cytiphyga

Phylum spirochaetes

characteruzed by flexible helical cells with a modified outer membrane and modified flagella, includes trponema borrelia and leptospira

phylum chlamidiae

contains the genus chlamydia

phylum firmicutes is divided into 3 classes

class 1 clostridia

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class 2 mollicutes, bacteria that cant make peptidoglycan and lack cell walls

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class 3 contains bacillus, cocci, staphylococcus

metric units are used to

express the sizes of microbes

a meter is

39\.4 inches

a typical cocci is

1 um in diameter

a typical rod shaped bacterium is

1 um in diameter x 3um long

a nanometer is equal to

one billionth of a meter

size of viruses are expressed in terms of

nanomter

when using a microscope to determine the sizes of microorganisms we use a

ocular micrometer

stage micrometer acts as a

scale of measurement