linguistics final

What is coarticulation?

Overlapping articulation where one sound influences another

Name the four types of coarticulation

Assimilation, Elision, Epenthesis, Metathesis

What is assimilation?

One sound becomes more like a neighboring sound

Give an example of place assimilation

“that guy” → /ðækgaɪ/

Give an example of manner assimilation

“good night” → /gʊnaɪt/

Give an example of voicing assimilation

“cats” /kæts/ vs “dogs” /dɑgz/

What is elision?

Deletion of a sound

What is epenthesis?

Insertion of a sound

What is metathesis?

Swapping of sounds

What is vowel reduction?

Unstressed vowels become schwa

What is sentence stress?

Changing meaning by stressing different words in a sentence

What is intonation?

Pitch movement across a sentence

What are phonological processes?

Predictable sound changes in children’s speech

Name the three categories of phonological processes

Syllable structure, substitution, assimilation

What is weak syllable deletion?

Deleting an unstressed syllable

What is final consonant deletion?

Deleting the final consonant of a word

What is reduplication?

Repeating a syllable (e

What is cluster reduction?

Removing a consonant from a cluster

What is stopping?

Replacing a fricative with a stop

What is fronting?

Replacing a velar with an alveolar

What is deaffrication?

Replacing an affricate with a fricative

What is gliding?

Replacing /l/ or /r/ with /w/ or /j/

What is vocalization?

Replacing post-vocalic /l/ or /r/ with a vowel

What is labial assimilation?

Non-labial becomes labial due to neighbor

What is alveolar assimilation?

Non-alveolar becomes alveolar

What is velar assimilation?

Non-velar becomes velar

What is pre-vocalic voicing?

Unvoiced consonant becomes voiced before a vowel

What is devoicing?

Final voiced consonant becomes voiceless

What is an allophone?

A variant of a phoneme that does not change meaning

What is a minimal pair?

Two words differing by one phoneme

What is broad transcription?

Phoneme-level transcription using slashes

What is narrow transcription?

Detailed transcription with diacritics using brackets

Why do we use narrow transcription?

To capture allophonic, clinical, or dialectal differences

What does a nasalization diacritic mean?

Vowel produced with nasal airflow

When does nasalization typically occur?

Before or after a nasal consonant

What does a labialization diacritic mean?

Lips are rounded during a consonant

When does labialization typically occur?

Before rounded vowels or labials

What does a dentalization diacritic mean?

Tongue touches teeth

When does dentalization typically occur?

Alveolars before interdentals

What does a palatalization diacritic mean?

Tongue body raised toward the palate

When does palatalization typically occur?

/s/ before /tɹ/ clusters

What does a velarized /ɫ/ indicate?

A “dark L” with posterior tongue raising

When does velarized /ɫ/ occur?

In syllable-final (coda) positions

What does the aspiration diacritic mean?

Burst of air after a stop release

When does aspiration occur?

Initial voiceless stops in stressed syllables

What does the unaspirated diacritic mean?

No burst of aspiration

When does unaspirated /p t k/ occur?

When following /s/ (e

What does the unreleased stop diacritic mean?

Stop closure without release

When do unreleased stops occur?

Word-final positions or before another stop

What is sensitivity?

The ability of a test to identify those WITH a disorder

High sensitivity prevents what?

False negatives

What is specificity?

The ability of a test to identify those WITHOUT a disorder

High specificity prevents what?

False positives

Why should screenings have high sensitivity?

So no child with a disorder is missed

What is the purpose of a screening?

Quick pass/fail to see if further testing is needed

Is screening diagnostic?

No

What is a comprehensive assessment?

Full evaluation to determine if a disorder exists

What does assessment determine?

Presence of disorder, type, severity, and treatment needs

Name examples of assessment components

Speech sample, single-word test, stimulability, error patterns, interviews

What is frequency?

Rate of vibration measured in Hz

What is the perceptual correlate of frequency?

Pitch

What is intensity?

Amplitude of vibration measured in dB

What is the perceptual correlate of intensity?

Loudness

What does a waveform show?

Amplitude over time

What does a spectrogram show?

Frequency over time with darkness showing intensity

How do vowels appear on a spectrogram?

Dark horizontal formants with high intensity

How do stops appear on a spectrogram?

Silence (stop gap) + burst release

How do nasals appear on a spectrogram?

Low-frequency murmur with antiformants

How do fricatives appear on a spectrogram?

Aperiodic high-frequency noise