Monuments Final

Ara Pacis

Augustus's peace altar (13-9 BCE). Campus Martius. Shows imperial family, celebrates Pax Romana and Golden Age.

Mausoleum of Augustus

Augustus's tomb (28 BCE). Campus Martius. Circular design = dynastic succession will continue forever.

Pantheon

Hadrian rebuilt it (118-125 CE). Campus Martius. 142-foot concrete dome, perfect sphere. Temple of all gods.

Sundial of Augustus

Augustus (10 BCE). Campus Martius. Egyptian obelisk = sundial. Shadow points to Ara Pacis on his birthday.

Golden House

Nero's palace (after 64 CE). 300 acres with lake, rotating dining room. Seized public land = megalomaniac.

Nero's Colossus

120-foot statue of Nero as sun god. Later changed by Flavians to just be sun god (not Nero).

Colosseum

Vespasian/Titus (72-80 CE). Built on Nero's lake site. 50,000 capacity. Gift to people = rejected Nero's excess.

Caesar's Forum

Julius Caesar (46 BCE). First Imperial Forum. Temple of Venus (his divine ancestor).

Augustus's Forum

Augustus (2 BCE). Temple of Mars Ultor (avenged Caesar). Statues show Augustus = peak of Roman history.

Forum of Peace

Vespasian (75 CE). Celebrated Jewish War victory. Displayed Jerusalem Temple treasures.

Forum of Nerva

Nerva (97 CE). Narrow space connecting other fora. Temple of Minerva.

Trajan's Forum

Trajan (112 CE). BIGGEST forum. Excavated entire hill. Has basilica, column, and markets.

Trajan's Column

Trajan (113 CE). 100 feet tall. 625-foot spiral showing Dacian Wars. His ashes inside = tomb.

Trajan's Markets

Multi-story shopping complex built into hillside. Shows concern for citizens' needs.

Arch of Titus

Commemorates Jewish War (70 CE). Shows menorah from Jerusalem Temple.

Domitian's Palace

Palatine Hill (80s-90s CE). Permanent imperial palace = public + private sections.

Domitian's Stadium

Campus Martius (now Piazza Navona). Greek athletics. Part of new city center development.

Hadrian's Tomb

Campus Martius (now Castel Sant'Angelo). Dynastic tomb for later emperors too.

Temple of Antoninus and Faustina

Roman Forum (141 CE). For his wife, then him. Best preserved temple.

Hadrian's Temple

Built by Antoninus Pius for deified Hadrian. Imperial cult.

Column of Antoninus Pius

Shows apotheosis = emperor ascending to heaven. Base in Vatican.

Column of Marcus Aurelius

Like Trajan's Column but shows Germanic wars. More expressionistic style.

Arch of Septimius Severus

Roman Forum (203 CE). Parthian victories. Crowded style = moving toward abstraction.

Tetrarch Base

Diocletian (303 CE). Celebrated 10 years of 4 rulers. Abstract, rigid style.

Basilica of Maxentius

Started by Maxentius, finished by Constantine (307-312 CE). Huge groin vaults. Giant Constantine statue inside.

Arch of Constantine

Constantine (315 CE). Reused old emperor reliefs + new ones. "Divine inspiration" = ambiguous (Christian or pagan?).

Lateran Basilica

Constantine (313-318 CE). FIRST Christian church. Used law court design, NOT temple.

Augustus

27 BCE-14 CE. First emperor. "Princeps" = not king. Pax Romana. Transformed Rome.

Nero

54-68 CE. Megalomaniac. Divine monarch. Golden House seized public land. Forced suicide.

Vespasian

69-79 CE. "Man of the people." Founded Flavians. Returned land to public, built Colosseum.

Titus

79-81 CE. Completed Colosseum. Won Jewish War. Brief popular reign.

Domitian

81-96 CE. Authoritarian builder. Palatine Palace + Stadium. Assassinated.

Trajan

98-117 CE. "Best Ruler." Greatest expansion. Biggest forum. Peak of empire.

Hadrian

117-138 CE. Greek-lover. Rebuilt Pantheon. Built walls. Architect-emperor.

Antoninus Pius

138-161 CE. Peaceful. Deified Hadrian. Built temple for wife Faustina.

Marcus Aurelius

161-180 CE. Philosopher emperor. Meditations. Constant wars. Column shows wars.

Septimius Severus

193-211 CE. First African emperor. Military. Last building before crisis. Forum arch.

Diocletian

284-305 CE. Ended 3rd century crisis. Created Tetrarchy (4 rulers). Reformed empire.

Constantine

306-337 CE. First Christian emperor. Won at Milvian Bridge (312 CE). Founded Constantinople (330 CE).

Campus Martius

"Field of Mars." Outside sacred boundary. Augustus developed it. Became new center by 200 CE.

Palatine Hill

Where Romulus founded Rome. Augustus made it imperial residence. All emperors lived there after.

Imperial Fora

Fora by emperors showing off. Practical = more admin space. Ideological = glorify emperor.

Practical vs Ideological

EVERY monument has both. Practical = real use. Ideological = propaganda message.

Pax Romana

"Roman Peace." Augustus claimed he brought peace after civil wars. Ara Pacis celebrates it.

Princeps

"First citizen." Augustus's title = not king. Successful emperors copied this humble act.

Damnatio Memoriae

Erase someone from history. Destroy statues, chisel names off. Examples: Nero, Domitian.

Imperial Cult

Worship dead emperors as gods. Campus Martius = where deification happens (outside boundary).

Summi Viri

"Greatest men" statues in Augustus's Forum. Shows he's the peak of all Roman greatness.

Venus the Mother

Temple in Caesar's Forum. Julian family = descended from goddess Venus.

Mars the Avenger

Temple in Augustus's Forum. Fulfilled vow to avenge Caesar's murder.

Jerusalem Spoils

Treasures from destroyed Temple (70 CE). In Forum of Peace + Arch of Titus reliefs.

Spoliation

Reusing old art. Constantine's Arch has stolen reliefs from earlier emperors mixed with new ones.

Greek Portraiture

Idealized, perfect, youthful. Example: Augustus forever young.

Roman Portraiture

Realistic, wrinkled, shows age/character. Example: Vespasian old and wrinkled.

Ostia

Rome's port at river mouth. Started military, became commercial. Grain from Egypt.

Ostia Port Features

Warehouses, merchant offices with mosaics, fire brigade barracks, shops for sailors.

Ostia Roman Features

Forum, main temple, theater, baths, apartment buildings.

Ostia Apartments

3-5 stories. Ground floor = shops. Best examples of how Romans actually lived.

Four Wall Painting Styles

1st = fake marble. 2nd = illusions. 3rd = flat panels. 4th = mix of everything.

Tetrarchy

4 rulers (2 senior, 2 junior). Diocletian's system to end crisis. Divided East/West.

Milvian Bridge

312 CE. Constantine beat Maxentius. Had Christian vision. Turned empire Christian.

Edict of Milan

313 CE. Constantine legalized Christianity. Religious tolerance.

Constantinople

Constantine's new capital (330 CE). "New Rome" but Christian from start.

Basilica to Church

Romans used basilicas for law courts. Constantine adapted design for churches (NOT temples = too pagan).

Art Style Evolution

Early = realistic Greek style. Middle = more drilling. Late = abstract, squat, hierarchical.

Great Fire

64 CE. Nero exploited it, seized land for Golden House. Led to his downfall.

Jewish War

70 CE. Titus destroyed Jerusalem. Took Temple treasures. Made Flavians look legitimate.

Dacian Wars

101-106 CE. Trajan conquered Romania. Biggest expansion. On Trajan's Column.

3rd Century Crisis

235-284 CE. 50 emperors in 50 years. Chaos. Little building. Diocletian ended it.

Apotheosis

Going to heaven/becoming god. Dead emperors ascend. Shown on Antoninus Pius column.

Pomerium

Sacred boundary of Rome. Campus Martius outside = OK for military/deification stuff.

Concrete

Roman concrete with volcanic ash. Allowed domes and vaults: Pantheon, Colosseum, basilicas.

Best Ruler

Trajan's title. Senate gave it. Proved by biggest forum at empire's peak.