Period 6 Vocab

Horizontal/Vertical Integration

horizontal: buying the competition & vertical: eliminating the middle man

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Sherman Antitrust Act

a US law that aims to prevent businesses from having too much power and control over the market, ensuring fair competition.

a US law designed to promote free competition and prevent monopolies. It prohibits contracts, combinations, or conspiracies that restrain trade or commerce, as well as monopolizing or attempting to monopolize any part of interstate trade.

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Interstate Commerce Commission

an agency that sets the laws for all the companies that do business across state lines

Pullman Strike

in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing

Haymarket Riot

1886 labor-related protest in Chicago which ended in deadly violence.

It occurred during a labor rally protesting police brutality and advocating for an eight-hour workday.

Great Strike of 1877

large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the rioting. The worst railroad violence was in Pittsburgh, with over 40 people killed by militia men

Homestead Strike

1892 steelworker strike near Pittsburgh against the Carnegie Steel Company. Ten workers were killed in a riot when "scab" labor was brought in to force an end to the strike.

Eugene Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

Credit Mobilier Scandal

This scandal occurred in the 1870s when a railroad construction company's stockholders used funds that were supposed to be used to build the Union Pacific Railroad for railroad construction for their own personal use. To avoid being convicted, stockholders even used stock to bribe congressional members and the vice president.

Tammany Hall/Boss Tweed

Tammany Hall was the most powerful urban political machine, located in New York. Boss Tweed controlled the New York State Democratic Party and Tammany Hall but he was not an elected official.

Pendleton Civil Service Act

Passed in 1883, an Act that created a federal civil service so that hiring and promotion would be based on merit rather than patronage.

Political Machines

Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in the cities. A boss leads the machine and attempts to grab more votes for his party.

Chinese Exclusion Act

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

Social Gospel Movement

preached salvation through service to the poor

Jacob Riis- How the Other Half Lives

Early 1900's muckraking writer/photographer who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. He was dedicated to using his photographic talents to help the less fortunate in New York. His photography helped capture the hardships faced by the poor. His most popular work, How the Other Half Lives, became a pivotal work that precipitated much needed reforms in the slums of New York. Jacob Riis's photography, taken up to help him document the plight of the poor, made him an important figure in the history of documentary photography.

Plessy v. Ferguson

"separate but equal" law

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US

The Battle of the Wounded Knee

US soldiers massacred 300 unarmed Native American in 1890. This ended the Indian Wars.

A Century of Dishonor

written by Helen Hunt Jackson in 1881 to expose the atrocities the United States committed against Native Americans in the 19th century

Dawes Act

1887 law that distributed reservation land to individual Native American owners

Frederick Jackson Turner

American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems.

Populists/The Omaha Platform

Condemned political corruption and called for unlimited coinage of silver and federal ownership of railroads.

• It sought to address economic inequality and advocate for reforms such as the direct election of senators, a graduated income tax, and government ownership of key industries.

Cross of Gold Speech/William Jennings Bryan

In the address, the author supported bimetallism, or "free silver," which he believed would bring the nation prosperity

Trust

A group of corporations run by a single board of directors

John Rockefeller

Creator of the Standard Oil Company who made a fortune on it and joined with competing companies in trust agreements that in other words made an amazing monopoly.

JP Morgan

An influential banker and businessman who bought and reorganized companies. His US Steel company would buy Carnegie steel and become the largest business in the world in 1901

Knights of Labor

1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed

1869 that sought to unite all workers, regardless of skill, race, or gender.

American Federation of Labor

1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.

Mother Jones

Labor activist who was a member of the Knights of Labor union and who used publicity techniques to create awareness of the plight of mine workers and child laborers.

Conspicuous Consumption

Buying and using products because of the "statement" they make about social position

Sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.

Tenant Farming

System of farming in which a person rents land to farm from a planter

Sierra Club

America's oldest and largest grassroots environmental organization founded in 1892 in San Fransisco, Cali first President was John Muir group was pushed by the wealthy bc they wanted to conserve the nature (despite all the land the already own and "corrupted") for their later generations

Dept. of Interior

1849- takes care of public lands and natural resources

Booker T Washington

Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book "Up from Slavery."

Ida B Wells

African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

Gospel of Wealth

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

Edward Bellamy

In 1888, he wrote Looking Backward, 2000-1887, a description of a utopian society in the year 2000.

Henry George

A California printer, journalist, and influential activist whose ideas about taxes and reform, expressed in Progress and Poverty (1879), were widely propagated.

American Protective Association

An organization created by nativists in 1887 that campaigned for laws to restrict immigration

Commerce Act

Passed in 1903 created the department of commerce and helped make more jobs

Socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Gilded Age

1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor

Referendum

A state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment.

Ghost Dance

A cult that tried to call the spirits of past warriors to inspire the young braves to fight. It was crushed at the Battle of Wounded Knee after spreading to the Dakota Sioux. The Ghost Dance led to the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. This act tried to reform Indian tribes and turn them into "white" citizens. It did little good.

Chief Joseph

Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations

Land-Grant Colleges

Are institutions of higher education in the United States that have been designated by each state to receive the benefits of the Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890

Subsidy

A government payment that supports a business or market

Hull House

Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. It provided social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood as well as improving some of the conditions caused by poverty.

Jane Addams

1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom. HULL HOUSE

Populist Party

(BH) , Founded 1891 - James B. Weaver, problem was overproduction, called for free coinage of silver and paper money, national income tax, direct election of senators, regulation of railroads, and other government reforms to help farmers

Colored Farmer's Alliance

Excluded on the basis of race from membership in the Southern Farmers' Alliance, the blacks formed a separate organization in Texas in 1886. The Colored Farmers' Alliance comprised both black farmers and farm workers. They were active in the publication of a weekly newspaper and a variety of educational programs. In 1891, a strike of cotton pickers was called, but coordination was poor and the strike failed. Also lost support when the populist party arose.

Las Gorras Blanca

the White Caps, group of Mexican Americans living in New Mexico who attempted to protect their land and way of life from encroachment by white landowners.

The Grange

"Patrons of Husbandry"; organization for American farmers that encourages farm families to band together for their common economic and political well-being

Speculation

An involvement in risky business transactions in an effort to make a quick or large profit.

Rebate

A cash refund given for the purchase of a product during a specific period

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

Vertical Integration

(435) Company took over all different businesses on which it relied for its primary function (Carnegie Steel came to control not only steel mills but mines, railroads, etc)

Horizontal Consolidation

A form of monopoly that occurs when one person or company gains control of one aspect of an entire industry or manufacturing process, such as a monopoly on auto assembly lines or on coal mining, for example.

Bessemer Process

A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.

Laissez Faire

Economic liberalism that believes in unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy.

Horatio Alger

(439) Famous promoter of success story… Started as minister of small town (had sexual scandals..lol) but moved to NY and wrote +100 novels all about "rags to riches," which captured aspirations of many men.

Boomtown

A community experiencing a sudden growth in business or population

Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

1934 - Restored tribal ownership of lands, recognized tribal constitutions and government, and provided loans for economic development.

Gifford Pinchot

head of the U.S. Forest Servic under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them

John Muir

(1838-1914) Naturalist who believed the wilderness should be preserved in its natural state. He was largely responsible for the creation of Yosemite National Park in California.

"New South"

The rise of a South after the Civil War which would no longer be dependent on now-outlawed slave labor or predominantly upon the raising of cotton, but rather a South which was also industrialized and part of a modern national economy

Henry Grady

Editor of the Atlanta Constitution, preached about economically diversified South with industries and small farms, and absent of the influence of the pre-war planter elite in the political world.

Civil Rights Cases 1883

Name attached to five cases brought under the Civil Rights Act of 1875. In 1883, the Supreme Court decided that discrimination in a variety of public accommodations, including theaters, hotels, and railroads, could not be prohibited by the act because such discrimination was private discrimination and not state discrimination.

Jim Crow Law

(AJohn) , Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights

WEB DuBois

1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910

Munn v Illinois

1876; The Supreme Court upheld the Granger laws. The Munn case allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation.

Wabash v Illinois

1886 - Stated that individual states could control trade in their states, but could not regulate railroads coming through them. Congress had exclusive jurisdiction over interstate commerce.

Ocala Platform 1890

National Farmers Alliance start a new political party, gov ownership of railroads, banks and telegraphs, ban on large land owning companies, graduated income tax, 8 hour work days, immigration restriction become known as Populist Party

Carrie Nation

Founded WCTU to outlaw selling/drinking alcohol. She was married to an abusive man that she killed with an axe and she didn't get punished for it. She formed a group that walked into bars with axes.

Realism

A 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be

Mark Twain

…, United States writer and humorist best known for his novels about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1835-1910)

Theodore Dreiser

American naturalist who wrote The Financier and The Titan. Like Riis, he helped reveal the poor conditions people in the slums faced and influenced reforms.

Impressionism

An artistic movement that sought to capture a momentary feel, or impression, of the piece they were drawing

Ashcan School

Also known as The Eight, a group of American Naturalist painters formed in 1907, most of whom had formerly been newspaper illustrators, they beleived in portraying scenes from everyday life in starkly realistic detail. Their 1908 display was the first art show in the U.S.

Louis Sullivan

A leading architect of skyscrapers in the late nineteenth century, stressed the need for building designs that followed function. His works combined beauty, modest cost, and efficient use of space.

Frank Lloyd Wright

…, Considered America's greatest architect. Pioneered the concept that a building should blend into and harmonize with its surroundings rather than following classical designs.

Joseph Pulitzer

…, United States newspaper publisher (born in Hungary) who established the Pulitzer prizes (1847-1911), A Hungarian immigrant who had bought the New York World in 1883, pioneered popular innovations, such as a large Sunday edition, comics, sports coverage and women's news.

William R. Hearst

Vigorous promoter of sensationalistic anti-Spanish propaganda and eager advocate of imperialistic war, Newspaper publisher whose yellow journalism style helped create public pressure for Spanish-American War. He once said to Remington, "You provide the pictures and I'll provide the war."

Jelly Roll Morton

African American pianist, composer, arranger, and band leader from New Orleans; Bridged that gap between the piano styles of ragtime and jazz; Was the first important jazz composer

Rum, Romanism & Rebellion

this statement attacked the Democratic party, rebellion referred to civil war, romanism referred to catholicism(anti), rum referred to drinking, anti immigrant part

"bloody shirt"

Republican campaign tactic that blamed the Democrats for the Civil War; it was used successfully in campaigns from 1868 to 1876 to keep Democrats out of public office, especially the presidency.

Solid South

Term applied to the one-party (Democrat) system of the South following the Civil War. For 100 years after the Civil War, the South voted Democrat in every presidential election.

Stalwart

(adj.) strong and sturdy; brave; resolute; (n.) a brave, strong person; a strong supporter; one who takes an uncompromising position

Halfbreed

republican reformers who were accused of backing reform simply to create openings for their own supporters, led by James G. Blaine

Mugwump

A group of renegade Republicans who supported 1884 Democratic presidential nominee Grover Cleveland instead of their party's nominee, James G. Blaine., Republicans who did not play the patronage game were ridiculed for "sitting on the fence."

Pendleton Act 1881

republicans reformed spoils system with Pendleton Act would give government jobs based on skills rather than based on connections

McKinley Tariff 1890

raised tariffs to the highest level they had ever been. Big business favored these tariffs because they protected U.S. businesses from foreign competition.

Wilson-Gorman Tariff 1894

1894 act setting the tariff at 41.3%; not as low as Democrats wanted it to be. Cleveland was outraged that it did not go by his campaign pledges. He had to sign it to have a lower tariff, but he was annoyed with its ineffectiveness. It also was the first bill to introduce an income tax, but that was later struck down as unconstitutional.

James Weaver

He was the Populist candidate for president in the election of 1892; received only 8.2% of the vote. He was from the West.

Sherman Silver Purchase Act 1890

Increased the amount of silver the gov. baught for coinage, but the money supply did not increase enough to satisfy silver supporters

Bland-Allison Act 1878

passed over the veto of President Rutherford B. Hayes requiring the U.S. treasury to buy a certain amount of silver and put it into circulation as silver dollars. The goal was to subsidize the silver industry in the Mountain states and inflate prices. The law was replaced in 1890 by the similar Sherman Silver Purchase Act, which in turn was repealed by Congress in 1893.

Panic 1873

Four year economic depression caused by overspeculation on railroads and western lands, and worsened by Grant's poor fiscal response (refusing to coin silver