APUSH Un 8 p 3 & 4

NAACP (1909-present)

An organization that played a key role in the Civil Rights Movement by challenging segregation through legal cases, such as Brown v. Board of Education (1954), and advocating for African American rights.

Thurgood Marshall (1967)

The NAACP lawyer who successfully argued Brown v. Board of Education (1954) before the Supreme Court. He later became the first Black Supreme Court justice.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

A Supreme Court case that upheld racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine. It was overturned by Brown v. Board of Education (1954).

Sarah Keys (1952)

An African American soldier who refused to give up her seat on an interstate bus, leading to Keys v. Carolina Coach Co. (1955), which helped challenge segregation in public transportation.

Rosa Parks (1955)

Her arrest for refusing to give up her bus seat in Montgomery, Alabama, sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott, a major event in the Civil Rights Movement.

SNCC (1960)

The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, a youth-led civil rights organization known for sit-ins, Freedom Rides, and voter registration efforts in the South.

Letter from a Birmingham Jail (1963)

Martin Luther King Jr.'s response to white clergy criticizing civil rights protests, defending nonviolent resistance and urging immediate action against segregation.

Governor George Wallace (1963)

Alabama governor who strongly opposed desegregation, famously declaring "Segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever!" and blocking Black students from entering the University of Alabama.

March on Washington (1963)

A massive civil rights demonstration where MLK delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech, advocating for racial equality and economic justice.

Bloody Sunday (1965)

A violent attack on civil rights marchers by police in Selma, Alabama, which helped push Congress to pass the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. (1950s-1968)

The most prominent leader of the Civil Rights Movement, known for advocating nonviolent protest. Assassinated in 1968.

American Indian Movement (AIM) (1968)

A Native American advocacy group that fought for indigenous rights, famously leading the Occupation of Wounded Knee (1973).

Chicano Movement (1960s-1970s)

A movement for Mexican American rights focused on labor rights, education reform, and cultural pride.

César Chávez (1960s-1970s)

Co-founder of the United Farm Workers (UFW), he led boycotts and strikes to improve wages and conditions for farmworkers.

Dolores Huerta (1960s-1970s)

A labor leader and co-founder of the United Farm Workers (UFW) who fought for workers' rights alongside César Chávez.

United Farm Workers of America (UFW) (1962)

A labor union founded by César Chávez and Dolores Huerta to fight for better wages and conditions for farmworkers.

Betty Friedan (1963)

Author of The Feminine Mystique, which criticized societal expectations of women and helped launch the second-wave feminist movement.

National Organization for Women (NOW) (1966)

A feminist organization that fought for gender equality, workplace rights, and the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA).

Stonewall Riots (1969)

A series of protests in New York City following a police raid on a gay bar, marking the start of the modern LGBTQ+ rights movement.

Silent Spring (1962)

A book by Rachel Carson that exposed the dangers of pesticides like DDT, inspiring the environmental movement and leading to the creation of the EPA.

Malcolm X (1950s-1965)

A civil rights leader who advocated for Black empowerment, self-defense, and separation from white society. A key figure in the Nation of Islam, he later moderated his views before his assassination in 1965.

Black Panthers (1966)

A militant Black Power organization founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale to combat police brutality and provide social services in Black communities. Known for their armed patrols and community programs.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

A Supreme Court case that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), declaring racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, marking a major victory for the Civil Rights Movement.

The Feminine Mystique (1963)

A book by Betty Friedan that challenged the idea that women should only be housewives, helping to spark the second-wave feminist movement.