Bio 1200, Exam 1 Oakland University

Characteristics of living things

1.cells 2.reproduction 3.genetic code 4.growth & development 5.Use energy 6.response to environment 7.internal balance 8.evolution

hierarchial classification

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Organization of living things

Atoms->Molecules->Organelles->Cells->Tissues->Organs->Organ Systems->Organism>
population> community> ecosystem>biosphere

Three domains of life

1. Bacteria
2. Archaea
3. Eukarya

vertical descent

Progression of changes in lineage. (Generation to Generation) Over time

horizontal gene transfer

A process in which an organism incorporates genetic material from another organism without being the offspring of that organism

scientific theory

A well-tested explanation for a wide range of observations or experimental results.

Hypothesis

An educated guess that attempts to explain an observation or answer a question.

subatomic particles

protons, neutrons, electrons

valence electrons

The electrons in the outermost shell (main energy level) of an atom; these are the electrons involved in forming bonds.

Electrons

Negatively charged particles, not found in nucleus

Protons

positively charged particles found in the nucleus

Nuetron

A subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom and has the same mass as a proton

atomic number

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

atomic mass

Number of protons + neutrons

Avagadro's number

6.022 x 10^23

Molar solution

A solution containing 1 mole of solute in 1,000 milliliters of solution (indicated by M).

Groups

similar chemical properties

Rows

Increasing atomic number

all atoms want...

to be neutral (P=e-) and to have a full valence shell (8)

covalent bond

A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule

Nonploar covalent bond

in a covalent bond between two atoms of the same element, the electrons are shared equally because the two atoms have the same electronegativity

polar covalent bond

A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive.

ionic bond

the attraction between oppositely charged ions

hydrogen bond

A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.

Electronegativity

A measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons

Properties of water

high polarity->hydrogen bonding-> cohesiveness-> adhesiveness ->high specific heat->high latent heat and High heat of vaporization

Adhesion

attraction between molecules of different substances

Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

What are hydrogen bonds?

attractive forces in which a hydrogen covalently bonded to a very electronegative atom is also weakly bonded to an unshared electron pair of another electronegative atom

How does the hydrogen bond contribute to the properties of water?

It determines waters state

Acids

pH less than 7

Bases

pH above 7

Relationship between Ph and Hydrogen ion concentration

High Ph = low H+
Low Ph = High H+

Buffers

substances that minimize changes in pH

Properties of Carbon

*Carbon has 4 valence electrons = 4 bonds
* Can form long chains
* Makes organic compounds when bonded with hydrogen

Isomer

Compounds with the same formula but different structures.

Stereoisomers

Compounds with the same structural formula but with a different arrangement of the atoms in space.

cis isomer and trans isomer

cis means on the same side, trans means across due to lack of rotation about double/triple bonds. can have different properties such as dipole moments

Four major biological macromolecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Carbohydrates

the starches and sugars present in foods
Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

Lipids

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

nucleic acids

macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus

Protiens

substances that help build and maintain body cells and tissues

Different forms of carbohydrate molecules

monosaccharide
disaccharide
polysaccharide

Monosaccharides

Single sugar molecules

Disaccharide

A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides

Structure of a triglyceride

made of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
joined by condensation reaction, ester bonds
bond is COOC
there are 2 types of triglycerides: saturated fat and unsaturated fat

saturated fats

A fat that is solid at room temperature and found in animal fats, lards, and dairy products.

unsaturated fats

A fat that is liquid at room temperature and found in vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds.

Describe how fats functions as energy storage?

Big size so they store energy in animals
Plants dont need it much since they dont move

Phospholipids

A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.

cell theory

idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells

Prokaryote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Eukaryote

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

cytoskeletal elements

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

Microfilaments

Long, thin fibers that function in the movement and support of the cell

intermediate filaments

Threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments

Microtubules

Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure

role of nucleus in eukaryotic cells

site for ribosomal RNA synthesis

Ribosome role in protein synthesis

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) associates with a set of proteins to form ribosomes. These complex structures, which physically move along an mRNA molecule, catalyze the assembly of amino acids into protein chains. They also bind tRNAs and various accessory molecules necessary for protein synthesis.

endomembrance system

Includes the nuclear envelope, ER, golgi apparatus, lysomes, vaucoles and plasma membrane

Protein Process

• A cell synthesizes a polypeptide→a chain folding spontaneously→functional structure.

semiautomatic

partially automatic

origin of mitochondria

Proteobacteria

origin of chloroplasts

photosynthetic prokaryotes living inside another prokaryote, evolves into chloroplasts
evidence- dna sequence similar to prokaryotes
chloroplasts reproduce by binary fission

components of biological membranes

lipids and proteins

The Fluid-Mosiac Model

The fluid mosaic model describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of components —including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates—that gives the membrane a fluid character. Plasma membranes range from 5 to 10 nm in thickness.

integral membrane proteins

A protein embedded in the lipid bilayer of a cell. These are typicallly cell surface receptors, channels, or pumps.

peripheral membrane proteins

proteins that bind to the membrane without passing through it

membrane fluidity

extent to which lipid molecules can move in the plane of the membrane

simple difusion

Nonpolar lipid-soluble (hydrophobic) substances diffuse directly through phospholipid bilayer
Examples: oxygen, carbon dioxide, fat-soluble vitamins

facilited diffusion

the passive transport of material accross the plasma membrands with the help of transport proteins

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Na+/K+ pump

3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in

Endocytosis

the taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole.

Exocytosis

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

kinetic energy

the energy an object has due to its motion

potential energy

stored energy that results from the position or shape of an object

1st law of thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

2nd law of thermodynamics

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.

Enthalpy

total energy of a system

free energy

energy that is available to do work

Enthropy

measure of disorder

Excergonic

release energy

Endergonic

requires energy

Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP

30.5 joules

competitive enzyme inhibition

enzyme regulation in which an inhibitor competes with a substrate for binding to the enzyme active site

noncompetitive inhibitor

A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate.

Important ribozyme

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Catabolic

A process in which large molecules are broken down

Anabolic

complex molecules made from simple

oxidation-reduction

Also known as redox; a chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced (by losing oxygen) and the reducing agent is oxidized (by gaining oxygen).

feedback inhibition

process in which the product or result stops or limits the process

exonuclease

removes RNA primers

Proteases

enzymes that break down proteins

exosome

a multiprotein complex that degrades mRNA

Proteasomes

giant protein complexes that bind protein molecules and degrade them

Autophagy

lysosomes break down damaged organelles