APUSH Period 1-2 Flashcards II

Indigenous Peoples

Native populations living in North America before European exploration and colonization.

Hunter-Gatherer Societies

Societies that rely on hunting, fishing, and gathering wild plants for sustenance.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Old World (Europe) and the New World (the Americas) after Columbus' arrival.

Encomienda System

A labor system used during Spanish colonization where Spanish colonists were granted land and native laborers in exchange for converting them to Christianity.

Mercantilism

Economic system where the mother country accumulates wealth by controlling trade and exploiting colonies for resources.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, established in 1607 in Virginia.

Plymouth Colony

Founded by the Pilgrims in 1620 in present-day Massachusetts, seeking religious freedom.

Mayflower Compact

An agreement signed by Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower, establishing a basic form of self-government.

House of Burgesses

The first representative legislative assembly in the American colonies, established in Virginia in 1619.

Puritans

Religious group that sought to purify the Church of England and established colonies in New England.

Great Awakening

A religious revival in the 1730s and 1740s that emphasized emotional and personal religious experience.

Navigation Acts

British laws that regulated colonial trade to benefit the mother country.

Triangular Trade

Trade network between Europe, Africa, and the Americas involving the exchange of goods, slaves, and raw materials.

Middle Passage

The brutal journey of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas.

Cash Crops

Crops grown for sale and profit rather than for personal use, such as tobacco, rice, and indigo.

Indentured Servitude

A labor system where people worked for a specified period of time in exchange for passage to the New World.

Bacon's Rebellion

An armed rebellion in 1676 by Virginia settlers led by Nathaniel Bacon against colonial government and Native Americans.

Salem Witch Trials

A series of witchcraft trials in 1692 in Massachusetts that resulted in the execution of several accused witches.

Quakers

Religious group known for their tolerance and belief in the inner light of the individual.

Indigenous Peoples

Native populations living in the Americas before European exploration and colonization.

Hunter-Gatherer Societies

Societies that relied on hunting, fishing, and gathering for sustenance.

Agricultural Revolution

Transition from hunting and gathering to farming, leading to permanent settlements.

Maize

Corn, a staple crop in the Americas that contributed to the growth of agricultural societies.

Three Sisters Farming

Agricultural system where corn, beans, and squash were planted together to maximize yield.

Iroquois Confederacy

Political and military alliance of six Native American nations in the northeastern woodlands.

Cahokia

One of the largest and most influential urban centers of the Mississippian culture.

Columbian Exchange

Exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and ideas between the Old World and the New World.

Smallpox

Disease brought by Europeans that devastated indigenous populations in the Americas.

Encomienda System

Labor system where Spanish colonists were granted land and control over indigenous laborers.

Joint-Stock Company

A business entity in which investors pooled their money for a common purpose.

Christopher Columbus

Italian explorer who completed four voyages across the Atlantic, opening the Americas to European exploration.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Agreement between Spain and Portugal that divided newly discovered lands outside Europe.

Spanish Colonization

Establishment of Spanish settlements in the Americas, with a focus on extracting resources.

Juan Ponce de León

Spanish explorer who led the first European expedition to Florida.

St. Augustine

First permanent European settlement in what is now the United States, founded by the Spanish.

New France

French colony in North America, characterized by fur trade and friendly relations with indigenous peoples.

Jamestown

First permanent English settlement in North America, founded in Virginia in 1607.

John Smith

Leader of the Jamestown colony who helped ensure its survival through strict discipline.

Joint-Stock Company

Investment model that funded early English colonies in North America.

Powhatan Confederacy

Alliance of Algonquian-speaking tribes in Virginia led by Chief Powhatan.

Pocahontas

Native American woman who played a key role in mediating between Powhatan and English settlers.

John Rolfe

English settler who introduced tobacco cultivation to Jamestown, boosting the colony's economy.

Headright System

Land grant program that encouraged the settlement of Virginia and other colonies.

Indentured Servitude

Temporary labor arrangement where individuals worked in exchange for passage to the New World.

Bacon's Rebellion

1676 armed uprising by Virginia settlers against Governor William Berkeley's rule.

Mayflower Compact

Agreement signed by Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower, establishing self-government in Plymouth.

Pilgrims

English Separatists who established the Plymouth Colony in 1620 for religious freedom.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Puritan settlement established by John Winthrop and others, focused on building a godly society.

Great Migration

Mass movement of Puritans to Massachusetts in the 1630s and 1640s.

Roger Williams

Founder of Rhode Island and advocate for religious freedom and separation of church and state.

Anne Hutchinson

Puritan dissenter who challenged traditional gender roles and religious authority.

Pequot War

Conflict between English settlers and Pequot Indians, resulting in the near destruction of the Pequot tribe.

King Philip's War

1675-1676 conflict between New England colonists and indigenous groups led by Metacom (King Philip).

New Netherland

Dutch colony in North America centered around New Amsterdam (present-day New York City).

Patroon System

Land grant system in New Netherland that encouraged large estates and tenant farming.

Mercantilism

Economic theory that emphasized national self-sufficiency and accumulation of wealth through trade.

Royal Charter

Document issued by the English monarchy granting land and the authority to govern to colonists.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Early colonial constitution that established a representative government.

Maryland Colony

Founded as a haven for English Catholics, with a proprietary government under Lord Baltimore.

Act of Toleration

1649 Maryland law that granted religious freedom to all Christians, protecting Catholics.

Virginia House of Burgesses

First representative assembly in the American colonies, established in 1619.

Georgia Colony

Founded as a debtor's colony and buffer against Spanish Florida, promoting social reform.

Stono Rebellion

1739 slave rebellion in South Carolina that led to stricter slave codes and control.

Spanish Missions

Religious outposts established by Spanish colonists to convert Native Americans to Christianity.

Pueblo Revolt

1680 uprising of Pueblo Indians against Spanish colonization in present-day New Mexico.