part 1 boards physiology

deoxygenated blood flow

1. From the body

2. Superior & inferior vena cava

3. Right atrium

4. Tricuspid valve

5. Right ventricle

6. Pulmonary artery (to lungs for O2/CO2 exchange)

deoxygenated blood from the lumbar goes to what vein

azygous vein

isovolumetric relaxation

blood flows into the relaxed atria but the AV valves remain closed

during isovolumetric relaxation what percentage of blood passively flows from right atrium to right ventricle

80%

what percentage of blood actively pushes from right atrium into right ventricle via atrial contraction

20%

What signals the atria to contract?

SA node

End Diastolic Volume (EDV)

volume of blood in each ventricle at end of ventricular diastole

120ml

isovolumetric contaction

blood is in the ventricles, all valves closed, building pressure in ventricles

Blood exits the heart via

2 pulmonary arteries

the pulmonary artery is known as what artery in the fetus

umbilical

pulmonary arteries transport _____ blood to the lungs

deoxygenated

blood is oxygenated in the lungs via

Bohr effect

blood exits the lungs via

4 pulmonary veins

The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to the

left atrium of the heart

how much blood should be in the end systolic volume

50mL

aorta transports ______ blood to the body

oxygenated

diastole

Relaxation of the heart

passive filling 80%

systole

Contraction of the heart

S1

ejection

end diastolic volume

volume of blood in ventricles before the heart contracts

end systolic volume

volume of blood in ventricles after the heart contracts

stroke volume

The amount of blood ejected from the heart in one contraction.

-end-diastolic - end systolic

50-100mL

cardiac output

heart rate x stroke volume

1st heart sound

AV valves closing (tricuspid and mitral)

2nd heart sound

closure of semilunar valves

3rd heart sound

ventricular gallop

when is a ventricular gallop normal

children and make indicate CHF in adults

4th heart sound

Atrial Gallop heard in diastole (normal in athletes)

depolarization phase

sodium rushes into the cell and heart can beat on its own due to leaky sodium channels

plateau during action potentials

calcium slowly flows into cell

-creates a long refractory period in which a second action potential cannot be initiated

-prevents heart from tetany

repolarization phase

potassium rapidly exits the cell

P wave

atrial depolarization begins at the SA node in the crista terminalis of right atrium

P-R interval

conduction through AV node and AV bundle

what happens when we have elongation of the PR interval

primary heart block

what is it called when we have elongation of the PR interval until 2 P waves appear

secondary heart block (winkebock phenomena)

QRS complex

ventricular depolarization/contraction

atrial repolarization happens during what part of the electrocardiogram

QRS complex hidden behind ventricular repolarization

ST segment

isovolumetric relaxation=blood flowing into atria

T wave

ventricular repolarization

what is indicative of a myocardial infarction on an electrocardiogram

inverted t wave

U wave

repolarization of the papillary muscles

diastolic murmurs

Aortic Regurgitation

Mitral Stenosis

(ARMS)

Pulmonic regurgitation'

tricuspid stenosis

(PRTS)

systolic murmurs

aortic stenosis

pulmonic stenosis

mitral regurgitation

tricuspid regurgitation

aneurysm

Localized ballooning of a vessel due to a weakened vessel wall

berry aneurysm

Aneurysm at Circle of Willis (saccular aneurysm)

dissecting aneurysm

longitudinal tearing away of the aorta (tearing pain) associated with marfans

abdominal aortic aneurysm

sudden low back pain

hypovolemic shock, thread pulse, most common in smokers

myxoma

most common benign heart tumor

tetralogy of fallot

Dextraposition of aorta

Right ventricular hypertrophy

Interventricular septal defect

Pulmonic stenosis

mitral valve lesion can be caused by

rheumatic fever via streptococcus pyogenes

aortic valve lesion can be caused by?

syphillis via treponema pallidum

tunica intima is lined by what tissue

simple squamous

tunica muscularis

largest and middle blood vessel layer

vaso vasorum

small blood vessels that supply blood to the cells of the walls of the arteries and veins

greatest pressure in largest in what artery

aorta

what have the largest total cross sectional and surface area

capillaries

blood ph

7.35-7.45

universal donor of blood

Type O

universal recipient of blood

Type AB

most common cause of congestive heart failure

essential hypertension

second most common cause of congestive heart failure

aortic stenosis

what is congestive heart failure

when the heart muscle is overworked due to stress, high blood pressure, arteriosclerosis, and fluids begin to collect in the body tissues, esp. the lungs

congestive heart failure due to left heart failure can lead to backup of fluid into the lungs which causes?

pulmonary edema, pulmonary hypertension

early sign of left sided heart failure

exertional dyspnea= cannot breathe during physical activity

sign of left sided heart failure

orthopnea= cannot breathe when lying down

right sided heart failure is due to ______ unless it is __________

left sided hart failure

cor pulmonale

when blood backs up into the SVC it causes

jugular pulsations

when blood backs up into the IVC it causes

backup into legs and liver

ascites

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

what is the most common cause of liver failure

alcoholism

mallory bodies are found

liver and cause alcohol induced hepatitis

mallory weiss syndrome

upper gastrointestinal tear caused by forceful vomiting. present with hematemesis (vomiting blood) and epigastric pain

wernicke korsakoff psychosis

memory disorder that results from B1 deficiency

Bell-Magendie Law

anterior spinal roots are motor, posterior are sensory

Hearing-Breuer reflex

limits respiratory excursion via vagus nerve; prevents overinflation of lungs

LaPlace's law of arteries

the tension in an artery will be proportional to the radius of the vessel

LaPlace's Law for the heart

ventricular pressure depends on muscular tension, size, and shape of the heart

Starling's law of the heart

cardiac output is equal to venous return

Haldane effect

shift to the left

effective under higher pH

caused by upotake of oxygen in the lungs

facilitates the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin

Bohr effect

occurs in tissues (shift to right)

effective under lower pH

caused by uptake of carbon dioxide at metabolizing tissue

facilitates release of oxygen at metabolizing tissues

Tidal volume

normal breathing

inspiratory reserve volume

Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation

expiratory reserve volume

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation

residula volume (RV)

aka reserve volume

-keeps lungs from collapsing

cannot be measured from spirometer

what is the primary respiratory control center

medulla oblongata

nucleus ambiguous provides innervation to the muscles of throat and soft palate and what CN

9,10,11

what is the secondary respiratory control center

pons

central chemoreceptors are located

brainstem sensitive to increase in Co2

peripheral chemoreceptors are located

carotid and aortic bodies and sensitive to decrease in O2

the entire lung is lined with what tissue

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

alveolar sacs are lined with what tissue

simple squamous

type 1 pneumocytes

gas exchange

type 2 pneumocytes

produce surfactant

lack of surfactant at birth

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

Aka Neonatal Hyaline Membrane Disease

macrophages of the lung

dust cells

T cells

goblet cells produce mucous

dead space

air in pulmonary tree not involved in gas exhange

alveolar pressure

pressure inside alveoli (slightly negative)

atmospheric pressure

air pressure

pleural pressure

pressure of fluid in thin space between parietal and visceral pleura

transpulmonary pressure

difference between alveolar pressure and pleural pressure