urban change, opportunities and challenges in Rio, social, environmental and economic opportunities and challenges in Cardiff and urban sustainability in Cardiff + Curitiba
Natural Change definition
the difference between the numbers of births and deaths for every hundred people per year
Urbanisaton
the increasing share of population living in urban areas
Foreign Direct Investment definition
money invested in infrastructure and facilities by foreign governments/companies
Formal Economy definition
the type of employment where people work to receive a regulaar wage, pay tax and have certain rights
Informal Economy definition
employment outside the official knowledge of the government
Urban Decline definition
the deteriortation of a city as a result of poor maintenance and lack of investment, characteristics of this include increased unemployment rates, decreased economic performance and poor housing and health facilities
Deprivation definition
the damaging lack of material benefits and resources considered to be basic necessities in a society, this concept is closely linked to poverty and substances
Inequality definition
the unequal distribution of money, goods and access to services within a population, such disparities can lead to uneven patterns of wealth, education, health and wellbeing
Urban Sprawl definition
the spread of an urban area into what used to be countryside, beyond the suburbs
Dereliction definition
the state of having been abandoned and come dilapidated
Rural-Urban Fringe definition
the landscape interface (or transition zone) between town and countryside
Brownfield Land definition
land that has previously been used for industrial or comerical purposed, and/or has already been built upon
Greenfield Land definition
undeveloped land in a city or rural area that is either used for agriculture, landscape desgin, or left to evolve naturally
Waste Disposal defintion
the removal and consequent destruction or storage of damaged, used or other unwanted domestic, agricultural or industrial products and substances
urban change in LIC/NIC
people encouraged to move to urban areas as they have better employment opportunities, higher wages, general facilities, education and healthcare
movement is more necessary as it will greatly imporve their quality of life by offering more opportunities and security
urban change in HICs
less movement to urban areas as there are fewer differences between them and rural areas
people inclined to move to/stay in rural areas for a more relaxed life with cheaper housing
their access to healthcare and education is not majorly impacted
Rioâs importance - social
wide range of transport networks so easy to access
tourist locations - art galleries, museums, beaches + Copacabana (features in many movies + songs), Christ the Redeemer is one of the seven modern wonders of the worlld
high quality services + infrastructure - healthcare and education
many leisure activities- carnivals attract 5 million visitors a year
culture - faith, cuisines, etc
hosted olympics in 2016
Rioâs importance - political
local/national government located in the city
diversity of people voting
Rioâs importance - economic
trade routes (rivers) to lots of places
more job opportunities - greater in number and diversity
company HQs
companies use the port in Rio for imports and exports
lagrest economy in South America and 8th largest in the world - Brazil has large companies in oil manufacturing, mining and telecommunications
push factors
natural disasters
poor quality services
political conflicts
lack of investment
lack of leisure facilities
pull factors
job opportunities
education
sanitation
healthcare
better nightlife
high wages - tourism
family + friends
public transport
How has migration mproved Rio?
more people working age encourages more companies to set up in city, creating more employment opportunities and reducing unemployment rate
younger population created greater demand for certain services/facilities (eg. leisure, education) which creates even more employment opportunities
more people means more consumer spending/more taxes paid to government enabling greater investment - improvements to services + infrastructure
How does migration challenge Rio - inequality?
migration occured too quickly so not enough services and resources available for everyone
many people canât afford houses in the city and there arenât enough jobs for everyone who needs one
city can be split up into: richer families who can afford good housing and can access services easily, and poorer families who cannot afford any housing and struggle to access services and resouces - this is called inequality (a difference in quality of life)
Poorer area: Rochina
2 public schools for 100,000 residents
houses made of salvaged materials
no waster removal in streets so rubbish is abandoned
Richer area: Leblon
8 schools for 50,000 residents
high class apartments and flats
residents can walk on the beach
tourist attractions and cultural sites including theatres
Other challenges in Rio:
access to doctors and healthcare varies - can be shown in pregnant mortality rates which increase close to favelas
12% households donât have access to clean runnign water - favelas donât have water pipes built in houses, infrastructure and pipelines in city and damaged so clean water leaks
many favela residents tap illegally into electricity of richer neighbours, electricity posts in streets can be very unsafe with many households connecting to one post - power cuts
crime rates have increased in recent years, possible due to increase in unemployent so more poeple trying to make money including pickpockets, Rio has severe problem with youth crime and and gang violence (residents feel unsafe in homes as gangs patrol streets with gunds and trade drugs for profit)
sewege is not treated and disposed of properly from all neighbourhoods - Guanabara Bay is polluted and wildlife has been damaged
Rio improvement strategies
Decrease Crime - police patrols aim to control the most violent favelas - scare away gang violence at night through arrests and raids ( + crime reduced and gangs dispersed, - locals donât trust police and feel their privacy is invaded)
Improve Favelas - new favelas constructedd out of the city to overcome crowding + infrastructure added to existing favelas like bus services ( + residents have safer homes, - those who moved out feel isolated and lacking community)
Reduce Water Pollution - foreign aid used to invest in 12 new sewage plants, governments is also fining any ships that pollute in bay (+ bay will not become further polluted and money from fines can be invested into Rio, - pollution from past dumps still remains)
Access To Resources - medical staff are visiting homes to increase number of patients seen, more clean water pipelines and electricity cabling have been laid to increase supply (+ home visits have reduced infant mortality rates in favelas, - still many households tapping illegally into electricity)
Electricity supplies - installation of 60km of new power lines and a new nuclear generator, new HEP complex Simplico has been built increasing electricity supply by 30%
Curitibaâs Sustainable transport system
The Bus Rapid Transport system (BRT)
bus lanes to allow faster, more efficient travel by bus (first city in Brazil to do this)
cheaper to run than tube allowing affordable prices
80% travellers use BRT
triple section bendy buses - carrys 2 mill passengers a day
bus fare is same everywhere
lots of bus stops, residents of Curitiba live no more tha 400m away from stop
25% less congestion now and 30% lower fuel consumption compared to other cities
Curitiba Sustainable waste management
Recycling waste since 1980s
waste separated into 2 categories: organic and non-organic - and collected by separate trucks
recyclable non-organic waste goes to plant
Curitiba recycles 2/3 of its waste
library of recycled books used by school children
recycling scheme generates jobs, reduces landfill and is much cheaper than a landfill
bus tokens given in exchange for recycled waste
70% households take part even though itâs voluntary
âGreen Exchangeâ introduced to reduce waste and help urban poor
slum residents collect their own rubbish and council provides them with equivalent weight of fruit and vegetables
saves councilâs waste disposal trucks attempting to navigate narrow slum streets
Curitiba sustainable housing and urban spaces
Housing:
COHAB programme provided 50,000 homes for urban poor
addresses problem of housing affordability that often gave rise to squatter settlements
âSite and Service" approach offers low interest loans on land and free housing designs to low income households
enablesbetter quality housing and legal tenure
Open Spaces:
28 parks and wooded areas in Curitiba
parks interconnected to maxmise use
one park used for flood control from Iguacu River, designed to absorb flood water naturally
saves money which can be used for social projects (COHAB)
Curitiba has 4x recommended open space
sheep used to maintain lawns (cheaper than lawnmowers)
Cardiffâs importance
booming service sector, in 2015 60 major restaurant chains wanted to locate in Cardiff - stimulates economy and creates jobs
thriving tourism industry - 18 million people per year
accounts for 25% of ÂŁ4.2 billion generated by tourism in Wales
home to Welsh Assembly building and Milennium Stadium making it home to Welsh government and national sports teams
ranked third best capital city to live in Europe (2016) and nominated for 2023 European City of Culture
Cardiff Uni Brain Imaging Research Centre leads to global research into neurological disorders
Cardiffâs growth opportunities
population increased by 46,000 between 2001 and 2011
more people under age of 20 than over age of 65
stimulates demand for education and provides a larger workforce to develop economy
Millennium Stadium and Centre - stadium welcomes 1.3 million visitors for sporting events (eg. FA Cup final) and centre sees 13.5 million visitors since 2004 for performing arts events + employs over 1000 people
new live music venues created through regeneration of existing buildings (The Tramshed and The Globe)
Roath Lock - TV production facility (Doctor Who and Casualty)
Cardiff inequality
Education:
half of the areas in Cardiff East are ranked in the 10% most deprived in Wales while this is onlu true for 3.4% of the areas in Cardiff North
although GCSE results have been improving, there still remains a marked variability in performance between schools
Employment:
significant difference in unemployment across the city in terms of the claiment count rate (number of people claiming benefits due to being unemployed)
Health:
significant differences in life expectancy across city with a 10-13 year gap between some areas
mortality from poor health is highest in south of city
Cardiff growth challenges
Urban deprivation:
over 25% homes in Cardiff are living in relative poverty
varies from area to area (some only 9% and others 48%)
Dereliction:
stemmed from decline of coal industry
most has been adressed through regeneration
siginificant derelict buildings include Old Bute Town railway station and the Cardiff Coal Exchange
some worry Cardiffâs sense of history lost is buildings decay
Urban Sprawl:
41,000 new homes need to be built over next decade to accommodate growing population and allow further economic growth
13,000 will be built on Greenfield land
some will cause expansion of peripheral villages
Cardiff Bay - reasons for regenerations
decline in Cardiff docks during mid to late 20th century owing to closer of coal mines and competition with other countries
mass unemployment and outmigration followed dockâs declines (closure of East Moors Steelworks in 1978 lots 3200 jobs)
Cardiff Bay - impacts of regeneration
4800 flats and houses created
16,750 jobs created
new office space to attract new businesses
new commercail and leisure facilities created (Atlantic Wharf Leisure Village)
327 hectares of land reclaimed
79 hectares of open spaces created
26 miles of new/upgraded roadways
What is sustainable urban living?
planning cities with aims to improve social, economic and environmental conditions to ensure the quality of life for current and future residents
problems caused by traffic congestion
Emissions:
discolour buildings
acid rain
impact health - respiratory conditions
noisy
unsightly
slows essential emergency service vehicles
lower economic productivity
how does greater use of public transport help relieve congestion?
more space efficient (can carry more passengers than a private car)
offers more efficient and direct routes - bus lanes
reduce number of cars on the road
how do ring roads help reduce congestion?
redirects through-traffic and heavy trucks away from city centers
connects major highways facilitating more direct travel
distribute traffic evenly around the city
is sustainable transport the key to urban sustainability?
for:
reduced emissions - lower greenhouse gas emissions, improve air quality and mitigate climate change
resouce efficiency - reduces need for extensive infrastructure and energy consumption associated with private cars
against
implementation costs - expensive and requires significant investment in infrastrucutre and technology
behavioural change - shifting public habits away from private car use can be slow impacting overall effectiveness of systems