HOSA vet science unit 1

lipids

fats, containing hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen in a form that is poorly dissolvable in water. consists of a molecule of glycerol, and three fatty acid molecules. stored to use as energy.

phospholipids

two fatty acids, and one phosphate. this fat has one water soluble end, and one water repulsed end. makes up cell walls.

carbohydrates

energy and structure for cells

monosaccharides

simple carbohydrates.

polysaccharides

composed of many monosaccharides. can be joined with proteins to form glycoproteins.

proteins

key role in structure and function of cells. makes up 50% of animal dry weight. large molecules consisting of amino acids. can contain up to 300 amino acids. proteins are 3D structures.

nucleic acids

provides plans for differing protein structures. ribose and deoxyribose make RNA and DNA. both contain sugar alternating with phosphate.

RNA

uses four bases to code for proteins. adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil.

DNA

uses four bases to code for proteins. adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.

Cell membrane

made of phospholipids (double sided fat), encases a cell. contains two layers of phospholipids, with the water attracting ends facing outwards. proteins are found between the lipid membrane, and on the surface.

Cholesterol

stabilizes the cell membrane.

cytoplasm

the organelles and fluid in the cell.

nucleus

standard part of most cells, contains DNA and controls cellular reproduction with protein. the DNA is called chromatin.

chromosomes

clumps of chromatin, created when cells divide.

ribosomes

small granular structures found in the cytoplasm. contains 60% RNA and 40% other proteins. manufactures protein used in the cell

endoplasmic reticulum

collection of folded membrane. attaches to the membrane of the nucleus. creates a bumpy appearance.

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

endoplasmic reticulum that has no ribosomes attached. not as common.

golgi apparatus

formed with large amounts of folded membrane, that resembles SER. produces polysaccharides. protein produced here is moved to the golgi apparatus

mitochondria

small rod shaped organelles found in various numbers. has a double membrane. converts food substances into energy to be used.

metabolism

all the reactions going on in cells. can be categorized into two main types.

anabolism

smaller molecules being combined into larger ones. ex. amino acids combined into proteins

catabolism

large molecules being broken down into smaller ones. ex. glycogen breaking down to release energy.

extracellular fluid

fluid that surrounds living cells. supplies products necessary for function. derived from blood

homeostasis

the maintenance of ECF. allows for maintenance of normal concentrations of molecules.

diffusion

process in which molecules move from higher to lower diffusions. the equalizes concentrations across cells.

osmosis

a solvent moves across the cell membrane to equalize concentration. can be observed in RBCs placed in solution.

active transport

requires cell to burn energy to speed up equalization process.

endocytosis

the cell membrane wraps around a particle, and moves it into the cytoplasm.

mitosis

the division of cells to produce identical offspring. necessary for growth and maintenance.

cancer

uncontrolled and frequent cell division, or mitosis. results in rapidly dividing cells, or tumors.

Interphase

beginning of cell division. chromatin is loosely arranged in the nucleus. the individual chromosomes cannot be seen.

prophase

chromatin thickens into visible chromosomes. the nucleoli and nuclear membrane begin to disappear. the chromosomes show doubling, and have an X shape.

metaphase

a spindle is formed between the two centrioles. the chromosomes move to the center of the cell, and align themselves on the spindle.

anaphase

the chromosomes split at the center. chromatids move outward, to opposite ends of the cell.

telophase

chromosomes become loosely organized into chromatin. nuclear membrane and nucleoli return. repeat to interphase

meiosis

two stage cell division found in sexually reproductive cells. happens in two phases. creates four cells, starting from a parent cell.

biopsy

practice of taking a cell sample to evaluate microscopically.

tumors

masses of tissue that result from uncontrolled cell division. split into benign and malignant categories.

benign tumors

localized to one area, have a well defined margin, and do not spread to other parts of the body.

malignant tumors

more likely to spread to other parts of the body. cells from a tumor may break away and enter the bloodstream, and settle in a new location

metastasis

the spreading of a tumor from its primary location to another.

pathologists

doctors who interpret and diagnose changes in cells and tissues.

bottle jaw

an accumulation of fluid within the tissues under the jaw

edema

excess fluid within a tissue.

ascites

edema, or accumulation of fluid in the abdomen.