Anatomy 337 Exam 1

anatomical position

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward

coronal (frontal) plane

vertical division of the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions

transverse (horizontal) plane

runs horizontally from right to left, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

midsagittal plane

divides the body into equal right and left sides

prone position

lying face down

supine position

lying on back, facing upward

Anterior

front

Posterior

back

Superior

Higher on the body, nearer to the head

Inferior

away from the head

Medial

toward the midline

Lateral

away from the midline

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

Distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Rostral

toward the nose

Cranial

toward the head

Caudal

toward the tail

Polarity

Molecules having uneven distribution of charges

basal surface

The bottom layer of epithelial tissue that attaches to the basement membrane

apical surface

surface of an epithelial cell that faces away from the basement membrane

selective permeability

A property of a plasma membrane that allows some substances to cross more easily than others.

Avascularity

no blood vessels

Regeneration

replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells

simple epithelium

single layer of cells

squamous epithelium

a layer of flattened platelike cells that cover internal and external body surfaces

simple squamous epithelium

single layer of flattened cells

simple squamous epithelium function

allows materials to pass by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae

simple cuboidal epithelium

single layer of cube shaped cells

Simple cuboidal epithelium function

limited protection, secretion, absorption

simple columnar epithelium

Made up of a single layer of tall cells that fit closely together

simple columnar epithelium function

absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action

stratified squamous epithelium function and location

Function: protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion

Location: nonkeratinized type forms the moist lining of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized type forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane.

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

tissue that consists of a single layer of irregularly shaped and sized cells that give the appearance of multiple layers; found in ducts of certain glands and the upper respiratory tract

pseudostratified columnar epithelium function

secretion, particularly of mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action

transitional epithelium function and location

function: stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine

Location: lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra

surface parallel transport

Transport along the luminal surface of the cell

basement membrane

Cells at the base of an epithelial layer are attached to this.

tight junctions

Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid

adhering junctions

Complex of adhesion proteins that anchors cells to each other and to extracellular matrixes.

Desosomes

prevent cells from separating during contraction

gap junctions

Points that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to another with special membrane proteins. Also called communicating junctions.

Microvilli

projections that increase the cell's surface area

Cilia

The hairlike projections on the outside of cells that move in a wavelike manner

Metaplasia

Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type

endocrine glands

Ductless glands that empty their hormonal products directly into the blood

goblet cells

a column-shaped cell found in the respiratory and intestinal tracts, which secretes the main component of mucus.

mucin

protein element of mucus

exocrine glands

gland that releases its secretions through tubelike structures called ducts

humoral secretion

fluctuating blood levels of ions, glucose levels stimulate the release of insulin

neural secretion

nerve cell synapses with endocrine cell; neurotransmitter release triggers secretion of hormone

hormonal secretion

Secreted by the mucosa

Neoplasia

the new and abnormal development of cells that may be benign or malignant

necrosis

tissue death

Apoptosis

programmed cell death

ground substance

unstructured material that fills the space between the cells and contains the fibers

extracellular matrix

The chemical substances located between connective tissue cells

elastic fibers

Flexible and "stretchy" fibers that add elasticity to tissue

collagen fibers

provides flexibility and strength

reticular fibers

Fibers made of collagen fibers that are very thin and branched. Forma tightly woven fabric that joins connective tissue to adjacent tissues.

loose connective tissue

areolar, adipose, reticular

areolar connective tissue function and location

Function: wraps and cushions organs

Location: widely distributed under epithelia of body

adipose connective tissue function

protects, insulates, stores fat

reticular connective tissue function

supports

dense connective tissue

dense regular, dense irregular, elastic

dense regular connective tissue

tendons and ligaments

Dense regular connective tissue function

Attaches muscles to bones or to other muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction

Dense Irregular CT

dermis of skin

dense irregular ct function

able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength

Elastic CT

elastic fibers

elastic CT function

allows recoil of tissue following stretching

cardiac muscle

Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart.

intercalated discs

Attachment sites between the transverse lines between cardiac muscle cells

Smooth muscle

Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body

skeletal muscle

A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones. Striated and voluntary

Excitablility

capacity of muscle to respond to a stimulus

Contractability

ability to shorten

elasticity (skeletal)

capacity to recoil

extensibility

ability to be stretched

Fascicle

bundle of muscle fibers

muscle fiber

long slender skeletal muscle cells

Myofibrils

protein structures that make up muscle fibers

Epimysium

a sheath of fibrous elastic tissue surrounding a muscle.

Perimysium

Connective tissue surrounding a fascicle

Endomysium

Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fiber

Myofilaments

The contractile proteins, actin and myosin, of muscle cells

Actin

thin filaments

Myosin

thick filament

Sarcomere

Contractile unit of muscle

neuromuscular junction

point of contact between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle cell

motor unit

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

motor end plate

the flattened end of a motor neuron that transmits neural impulses to a muscle

all or nothing principle

Once action potential reaches threshold, either fires or doesn't

slow oxidative fibers

contract slowly, have slow acting myosin ATPases, and are fatigue resistant

fast oxidative fibers

contract quickly, have fast myosin ATPases, and have moderate resistance to fatigue

fast glycolytic fibers

contract quickly, have fast myosin ATPase, and are easily fatigued

muscle atrophy

loss of muscle bulk due to muscle disease, nervous system disease, or lack of use; commonly called muscle wasting

muscle hypertrophy

Muscle growth from heavy training
Increases diameter of muscle fibers
Increases number of myofibrils
Increases mitochondria, glycogen reserves

central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body