Unit 4: Growing Pains of the New Republic

Judiciary Act of 1798

Declared the Supreme Court would consist of 5 associate justices and one chief justice and divided the country into judicial districts

Whiskey Rebellion

1794 protest against the government's tax on whiskey by backcountry farmers

Republicans

Rivals of the Federalists who believed in a smaller government based on state rights. Their rivalry sparked tensions with Federalists, creating a political party system.

Federalists

explain key provisions of the proposed Constitution, as well as the nature of the republican form of government.

XYZ Affair

caused tensions to increase between the United States and France

Embargo Act

1807 Act which ended all of America's importation and exportation. Jefferson hoped the act would pressure the French and British to recognize U.S. neutrality rights in exchange for U.S. goods. It really, however, just hurt Americans and our economy and got repealed in 1809.

McCullouch v. Maryland

helped establish that the Constitution gave Congress powers that weren't explicitly spelled out in the document.

Treaty of Ghent

ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

Court upheld the sanctity of the original charter of the college, which pre-dated the creation of the State.

What issues (both domestic and foreign) were the cause of the rift between Hamilton and Jefferson, leading to the development of the first American political parties?

Hamilton wanted a strong central government. Jefferson wanted state governments to have the power.

Identify supporters of Republicans and Federalists.

Republicans - Thomas Jefferson, James Madison
Federalists - Alexander Hamilton, John Adams

Describe Hamilton's economic program and vision for the U.S.

He wanted to assume the state's debt and bring it to the federal government to tie rich people to the new federal government.

What was the impact of the French Revolution on American politics?

Forced the United States to articulate a clear policy of neutrality in order to avoid being embroiled in European conflicts.

What was Jay's Treaty and why was it controversial?

An agreement by the United States and Great Britain helped avert war between the two nations; many Americans saw it as a betrayal of revolutionary ideals.

As Britain and France went to war, what policy did Washington pursue?

Neutrality

What warnings were contained in President Washington's Farewell Address? By whom was it written?

Don't do a party system, stay out of European affairs, Alexander Hamilton and James Madison

What issue was involved in Pinckney's Treaty with Spain?

end a dispute between the two countries (Spain and America) over land settlement and Mississippi River trade.

How did Federalists and Republicans differ on economic issues? To what extent were these economic issues the most important factors in the emergence of political parties in the 1790s?

Federalists wanted to assume state debt and establish a national bank
while the Republicans wanted independent farmers and state governments to control the money

What evidence suggests that John Adams tried (in vain) to remain above party politics? In what ways did he seek to bring about national unity?

He sent an equal number of Republicans and Federalists to France.

Who was Citizen Genet? Why was he a controversial figure?

He was a citizen of France who came to America begging for help with the French Revolution. He made the Republicans look bad by undermining their authority by going on a little tour rallying help for the French Revolution.

What was the purpose of the Alien and Sedition Acts?

These laws raised the residency requirements for citizenship from 5 to 14 years, authorized the President to deport aliens and permitted their arrest, imprisonment, and deportation during wartime. The Sedition Acts restricted free speech and made it so the press couldn't say bad things about the president and/or government.

How was the election of 1800 finally decided?

Article II, Section 1 of the U.S. Constitution - if the electoral college votes tied--> vote goes to The House of Representatives.

Describe the election of 1800 and its outcome. How truly "revolutionary" was the "Revolution of 1800?"

Vice President Thomas Jefferson of the Democratic-Republican Party defeated current holder President John Adams of the Federalist Party. The election was a political realignment that ushered in a generation of Democratic-Republican leadership. It was a peaceful and orderly transfer of power.

What were John Adams' "midnight appointments" and what proved to be their impact?

Adams stayed up to all hours of the night in his last days in office commissioning Federalist party members as judges throughout the land as a way to preserve Federalist influence in the federal government during the Jeffersonian tenure.

What were the causes of The Tripolitan War? How was it settled?

states harbored and supported the actions of pirates against American shipping vessels in the Mediterranean Sea.

How was Alexander Hamilton killed?

Killed by Aaron Burr in a duel

What was the importance of Marbury v. Madison?

the first U.S. Supreme Court case to apply "Judicial Review", and it allowed the Supreme Court to rule laws unconstitutional

What were the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions?

political statements drafted in 1798 and 1799 in which the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures took the position that the federal Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional

What were the key provisions and outcomes of the Louisiana Purchase?

The purchase doubled the size of the United States, greatly strengthened the country materially and strategically, provided a powerful impetus to westward expansion, and confirmed the doctrine of implied powers of the federal Constitution.

What was Jefferson's greatest concern in purchasing Louisiana?

it's constitutionality ( possibly maybe France attempting to reclaim its North American empire)

What was the significance of the journey of Lewis, Clark, and the Corps of Discovery?

Columbia River to the Pacific Coast, important contributions to the mapping of the North American continent, having a country became real. They realized that to control such a vast area would be hard because there were a lot of Native American inhabitants. It also killed any hope of a path to the Pacific Ocean.

What was the major goal of Tecumseh?

to unite all the Indians and oppose forced relocation by the Americans

What were the chief causes of the War of 1812?

impressment, trade, and Native American involvement

What were the significant economic consequences of the War of 1812?

British blockade of the Eastern Coast (prevented Americans foreign trade)
American manufacturing from war cutoff.
Embargo Act
Panic of 1819

Identify the military successes and failures of the War of 1812.

Successes: Captured several British ships and won defensive battles against the British invasion of the U.S.
Failures: Unprepared, first attacks failed.

What was the importance of the Battle of New Orleans?

the greatest American land victory of the war. If you gained control of the port of New Orleans, you basically controlled the whole Mississippi River.

In what way was John Marshall a practitioner of judicial nationalism?

He notably reinforced the principle that federal courts were obligated to exercise judicial review and overturn laws that violated the Constitution.

Where were the delegates to the Hartford Convention from?

Connecticut

What was the result for the Federalist Party of the Hartford Convention?

Didn't work. a declaration calling on the federal government to protect New England and to supply financial aid to New England's badly battered trade economy.

What was the "Era of Good Feelings"? During whose presidency did it occur?

Proved to be a temporary pause in personal and political leadership clashes while new issues were emerging. James Monroe was the president at the time; the national mood of the nation was from 1815 to 1825.

In what ways was the "Era of Good Feelings" not so good?

induced by a pause in partisan politics between the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans and the disintegration of the Federalist party

What was Henry Clay's "American System?"

A tariff to protect and promote American industry along with internal improvements to develop profitable markets for agriculture.

What issue led to the Missouri Compromise?

the issue over slavery

What are the key aspects of the Monroe Doctrine?

To European nations, stating that their colonization of the Western Hemisphere would be viewed as aggressive and provoke a U.S. response. In return, the U.S. would not interfere with European affairs. Never a law, a firmly stated statement

John Adams

2nd president, wasn't liked by both parties, Federalist

William Henry Harrison

Battled the Prophet at the Battle of Tippecanoe and discredited the Indian cause

Aaron Burr

didn't care about parties, plotted to have his own country, tried to beat Jefferson for president, and killed Hamilton

John Marshall

established judicial review which gave the Supreme Court power

Alexander Hamilton

Federalist, wanted a strong central national government, imposed state debt assumption

Gibbons v. Ogden

Regulating interstate commerce is a power reserved to the federal government

What important measures were passed in the first months of the First Congress in 1789?

Judiciary acts, Bill of Rights, first executive branches of government

How did President Adams deal with French insults and violations of American rights?

He sent diplomats and tried hard to keep the peace; he got ready for war as well

John Quincy Adams

Secretary of State. He served as the sixth president after Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.

Henry Clay

A northern American politician. He developed the American System as well as negotiated numerous compromises.

Oliver Hazard Perry

Naval officer who led the U.S. victory over the British on Lake Erie in 1813

Provide two warnings contained in President Washington's Farewell Address.

beware the consequences of factions (parties)
beware the dangers of European entanglements
avoid stooping to partisan bitterness

Why did Citizen Genét anger Americans?

He encouraged American privateers to pursue British shipping.

Why were so many people upset about Jay's Treaty?

It failed to provide compensation for damage done by the British to American shipping.

What was the purpose of Hamilton's Debt Assumption Plan?

Bind the interests of the moneyed class to the federal government

What was the XYZ Affair?

The French demanded a bribe before they would negotiate with an American peace delegation.

What was the subject of Pinckney's Treaty?

access to New Orleans and navigation of the lower Mississippi River

How was the Whiskey Rebellion an illustration of the power of the new government under the Constitution?

By using a show of force, the Washington Administration was able to end the revolt and force the payment of the whiskey taxes.

What was the most important of President Adams' "Midnight Appointments?"

John Marshall as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

What was President Washington's policy as war broke out between England and France?

neutrality

How did President Adams' dealings with the French cost him popularity and a chance for re-election in 1800?

by pursuing peace, Adams angered the leaders of his own Federalist party without gaining any support from the Republicans.

How did Federalists use the Alien and Sedition Acts?

They were used to muzzle Republican opposition by punishing vocal critics of the Federalists

How was the controversial election of 1800 finally decided?

The House of Representatives chose Thomas Jefferson over Aaron Burr
(largely because Hamilton threw his support to Jefferson)

Who was the winning general at the Battle of Tippecanoe?

William Henry Harrison

Why is Marbury v. Madison important?

It marked the first time that the Supreme Court declared an act of Congress unconstitutional

What was the main point of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions?

states had the right to not follow federal laws that (in their view) violated the Constitution
states' rights

Which of the following was NOT a cause of the War of 1812?
a. demand for respect of American neutrality
b. land hunger in the West
c. fears that Indian attacks were caused by the British
.
d. sectional rivalries that could only be
overcome by a shared foreign enemy

d.

What did Tecumseh urge Native Americans to do?

band together to resist white encroachment into their lands

What was the result of Jefferson's Embargo Act?

America prohibited foreign exports, angering a large segment of the U.S. economy

What started the Tripolitan War?

the tribute to the governments of the Barbary states was raised and the U.S. refused to pay

Andrew Jackson

War of 1812, and was the winning commander of the Battle of New Orleans

James Madison

wrote the Bill of Rights, led the country during the war of 1812, proposed money for internal improvements

In its years in power, how did the Federalist party make the Constitution work to achieve national power and stability?

Hamilton establishes an economic policy; federalists keep policies in line.