bio180 biological classification

taxon

any group of organisms treated as a unit

taxonomy

the theory and practice of classifying organisms

carl linnaeus

developed biological classification system used today; Systema Naturae (zoological nomenclature) and Species Plantarum (botanical nomenclature)

binomial nomenclature, genus, species

___ ___ - two-name system; ___ (capitalized) ___ (lowercase)

-idae

specific root word ending for animals

-aceae

specific root word ending plants

monera

bacteria + archaea

protista

algae + protozoans

plantae

plants

mycetae

fungi

animalia

animals

domain

large scale classification; reflect evolutionary relationships; includes bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

ubiquitous

can be found everywhere

cocci

spherical shape

bacilli

rod-shaped

vibrio

comma shaped; spiral-shaped

spirillum

thick, less spiral; spiral-shaped

spirochete

thin, more spiral; spiral-shaped

rolling motion

spirochetes move via ___ ___

gliding

aquatic bacteria move via ___

gas vesicles

bacterial locomotion involving air

flagella

rotates like a propeller

peptidoglycan, sugars, amino acids

main wall component of bacteria; made up of ___, ___, and ___ ___

pseudopeptidoglycan

main wall component of archaea; differs in chemical structure

obligate anaerobes

has to live in environment without oxygen

facultative anaerobes

not limited by lack of oxygen, rather ideal case

obligate aerobes

has to live in environment with oxygen

facultative aerobes

not limited by presence of oxygen, rather ideal case

photoautotrophs

photosynthesizers (use light and CO2)

photoheterotrophs

light-eating but obtain carbon from organic sources, not CO2; ex. purple nonsulfur bacteria

chemoautotrophs

chemosynthesizers; convert carbon dioxide into organic compounds

chemoheterotrophs

obtain carbon from organic sources which they consume

proteobacteria, rhizobium

“purple bacteria”; representatives in all 4 nutritional categories; example ___ - common soil bacterium; important because it can fix nitrogen

cyanobacteria, anabaena sp.

“blue-green bacteria”; aquatic; photosynthesize and fix N2; eutrophication; example ___ ___

eutrophication

ecological phenomenon that arises when fertilizer containing nitrogen run into waterways, turning water green which blocks sunlight

spirochetes, treponema pallidum

parasitic or free living; example ___ ___ - syphilis and Lyme disease

chlamydias, chlamydia psittaci

0.2 → 1.5 micrometers in diameter; obligate intracellular parasites; example ___ ___ (most common form of — in birds)

obligate intracellular parasites

cannot exist without a host

firmicutes, bacillus cereus, staphylococcus

___ can be endospore-producing (ex. ___ ___ found in chinese buffet; causes food poisoning) or non-endospore-producing (ex. ___ causes boils, wound infections)

actinomycetes, mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycoplasmas

non-endospore-producing firmicutes: ___ (example: ___ ___) and ___ - smallest bacteria (0.2 micrometers or smaller)

crenarcheota, sulfolobus sp.

thermophilic/acidophilic; ex. ___ ___ hot springs and low pH

euryarcheota, methanogens, methanopyrus sp., halophiles, halobacterium sp.

___ include ___ (obligate anaerobes; ex. ___ ___ - ocean volcanic vents) and ___ (salt, ph~11.5; ex. ___ ___)

amoeboid motion

locomotion of pseudopods (like feet)

cilia

locomotion of paramecium

contractile vacuoles

water vesicles (___ ___) constantly remove water from the amoeba because a solute concentration pulls water in

euglenophyta

euglenoids; unicellular and biflagellated, common in freshwater

dinophyta, zooxanthellae

dinoflagellates; unicellular, mostly marine, photosynthetic, biflagellate; ex. ___ [30,000/cm3 in gut of coral polyps]

bacillariophyta

diatoms; unicellular, aquatic, primary food source (ocean food chains); 25% of Earth’s primary productivity (oxygen production); source of diatomaceous earth

phaeophyta, fucoxanthin, alginic acid

brown algae; largest protists, multicellular, all are marine, ___ = brown color, ___ ___ = polymer of sugar acids in cell wall

amoebozoa

amoebas; unicellular, with nucleus & contractile vacuole, move by pseudopodia, mostly aquatic

entamoeba histolytica, naegleria fowleri

amoebozoa examples: ___ ___ = pathogenic (ingested through swimming; attracted to the intestines and digests intestinal tissue); ___ ___ = “brain-eating” amoeba (ingested through nose when swimming, attracted to chemicals released by nerve cells in the brain and digests nerve cells; death in 2 days)

oomycota, phytophthora infestans

water molds; unicellular, filamentous, saprophytic or parasitic, ex. ___ ___ responsible for over 800,000 human deaths

armillaria ostoyae

the world’s largest organism (fungus)

decomposers

absorptive nutrition

chitin

cell walls of mycetae have ___

saprophytic, parasitic, symbiotic

most mycetae are ___, some ___, some ___

mycelium

vegetative part of a fungus; network of thread-like hyphae

septate, coenocytic

multinucleated mycetae are either ___ (lack complete partitioning walls) or ___ (like one big tube)

pneumocystis carinii, candida albicans, claviceps purpurea

mycetae pathogens: ___ ___ (AIDS patients; pneumocystis), ___ ___ (yeast, severe diseases, AIDS patients), ___ ___ (ergot)

chytridiomycota, allomyces sp.

the chytrids; aquatic microorganisms, either parasitic or saprophytic, oldest group of fungi, coenocytic hyphae; ex. ___ ___

zygomycota, Rhizopus stolonifer

the bread molds; coenocytic hyphae, most common fungi in mycorrhizal relationships; ex. ___ ___ = black bread mold

Ascomycota, ascus, Saccharomyces cerevisia

the sac/cup (or gill) fungi; septated hyphae, reproductive structure = ___; ex. ___ ___

Basidiomycota, basidium

mushrooms, puffballs, rusts, smuts; septate hyphae, reproductive structure = ___