Plant and Animal Reproduction Flashcards

Flashcards about Plant and Animal Reproduction

What do many plants use to reproduce?

Flowers, fruits, and seeds

What is pollination in flowers?

When stamen (male part) releases pollen and it lands on the female part (pistil) resulting in fertilization (which produces a seed)

What occurs during germination?

When a seed begins to sprout and grow

Why do some plants produce fruit?

To protect seeds and help spread them

Define external fertilization

Sperm and egg join in a watery environment

In which organisms does internal fertilization occur?

Mammals, reptiles, birds

Define external development

Embryos develop within an egg outside the female body

In which organism does internal development occur?

Mammals

Define binary fission

When a single cell splits

Define budding

When a smaller offspring “buds” off from a parent

Define spores

Fungi or ferns release a cell that grows into offspring

What is metamorphosis?

Organisms changing forms over time

What does "placental" refer to?

The formation of "placenta" which allows for nutrients to flow to developing offspring in mammals before they are born

What is a population?

A group of the same type of organism living in the same area

What does a population with a high variation of a trait have?

Numerous types of individuals

What will populations with an even distribution of a trait have?

Similar numbers of individuals with that trait

Over many generations, what happens to individuals with adaptive and non-adaptive traits in a population?

Individuals with adaptive traits become more common in a population, while individuals with non-adaptive traits become less common

Whether or not a trait is adaptive depends on what?

On the environment

Why are adaptive traits important for individuals in a population?

Individuals with adaptive traits are more likely to live longer and have offspring (and pass on their genes)

If new traits that form from mutations are adaptive, what can happen?

They can become more common in a population

What does Darwin describe in his theory of Natural Selection?

Individuals with adaptive traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those traits to their offspring. This can change populations over time.

What was Charles Darwin's replacement for Lamarck’s idea of “Acquired Characteristics” which stated…

Organisms pass on characteristics they gain over their lifetime (not true)

What is evolution?

Change in species over time due to things like natural selection (explained by Darwin) and genetic mutation

What are some evidence of evolution?

Fossils in sedimentary rocks, relatedness of species, structures that are similar in different species, structures and behaviors that are no longer useful for some organisms , embryology

What is Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)?

DNA is passed from parents to offspring and contain instructions for building proteins, which cells use to grow, live, and perform other tasks.

What shape is DNA?

A double helix which contains four types of nitrogen bases, a deoxyribose sugar, and a phosphate molecule

How are DNA strands connected?

Adenine (A) bonds with Thymine (T), Cytosine (C) bonds with Guanine (G)

What is a gene?

The section of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a protein or a trait (characteristic)

What are proteins made of?

Units called amino acids that are linked together in a certain order

What is a mutation?

A change in a gene or chromosome

What does selective breeding do?

Produces organisms with desired traits

What does cloning do?

Produces copies of cells, tissues, organs, or organisms

What does genetic engineering do?

Transfers genes between organisms

What does analyzing genomes allow?

Allows all genes within organisms to be identified

What is heredity?

The passing of traits from parents to offspring

What happens with a Dominant allele?

Dominant allele masks the recessive allele

What do Punnett Squares allow?

Allow for probabilities of traits to be determined

What happens in Incomplete Dominance?

Hybrids appear as a “blend”

What happens in Codominance?

Neither allele is dominant

What happens in Polygenic inheritance?

A group of genes act together to produce a trait (not one gene)

What are Sex-linked traits or conditions?

Located on the X or Y chromosome which determines biological gender

What are cells?

The units of life

What does Cell theory states?

Living organisms are made of cells (the units of life) that come from other living cells

What are Prokaryotic cells?

Unicellular organisms without a nucleus

Can Eukaryotic cells be multicellular?

They can be unicellular or in multicellular organisms

What are examples of eukaryotic organisms?

Plants, animals, fungi (yeast, mushrooms), and protists (algae, amoebas)

What is the Order of organization from smallest to largest in multicellular organisms?

Cells→ Tissues→ Organs→ Systems→ Organisms

What are organelles?

Smaller parts of cells that have specific functions (roles they play)

What is the Nucleus?

Control center (contains DNA)

What is the Cytoplasm?

Gel like material that holds organelles

What is the Cell Membrane?

Protects and allows materials in and out

What is the Ribosomes?

Makes proteins (protein synthesis)

What is the Vacuoles?

Stores water, food, and waste

What is the Mitochondria?

Powerhouse of the cell (breaks down food)

What do plant cells contain that animal cells do not?

Cell Walls, Chloroplasts, and large central vacuoles

What occurs during Mitosis (Cell Division)?

One parent cell produces two identical new daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes (pieces of DNA) as the parent cell

What is interphase?

DNA is copied

What does Mitosis contains?

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

What is Cytokinesis?

The two cells finally separate

What are gametes?

Male sperm cells and female egg cells

What is Fertilization?

Fertilization occurs when a sperm cell and egg cell combine to form a zygote

What occurs during Photosynthesis?

Producers use light energy to produce glucose using chlorophyll/chloroplasts

What occurs during Cell Respiration?

Producers AND consumers release energy (ATP) from glucose using the mitochondria

What are atoms made of?

Atoms are made of subatomic particles called protons, neutron, and electrons

What are examples of physical changes?

Cutting objects, boiling/freezing/melting water, painting an object a different color

What are examples of chemical changes?

Burning, cooking/baking, creating gas by mixing chemicals, digesting food, rust forming, food rotting/spoiling

What does the law of Conservation of Mass states?

The total number of each atom has to be the same before and after a reaction (matter is not created or destroyed)

What is an ecosystem?

An ecosystem includes the community of organisms (biotic factors) in an area along with the nonliving surroundings (abiotic factors)

What does Matter in an ecosystem include?

Water, carbon, nitrogen, and many other substances

What does the Water Cycle includes?

Evaporation, condensation, precipitation, collection

What does the Carbon cycle includes?

Carbon dioxide, photosynthesis, atmosphere, fuel

What does the Nitrogen Cycle include?

Nitrogen fixation, decomposition, air, fertilizer

What do producers do?

Make their own food

What do consumers do?

Eat other organisms

What do decomposers do?

Break down dead organisms

What is in food chains and food webs?

Producers, then consumers, and then decomposers

What are some negative Human Impacts on Ecosystems?

Acid rain forming and carbon dioxide being released from burning coal and oil, Deforestation, Overhunting/overfishing for food or other resources

What are some positive steps humans have taken to reduce impacts/?

Replanting forest areas, Using alternate and cleaner energy sources , Conserving species and ecosystems, Recycling

What does, Compound Light Microscopes do?

Magnifies objects or organisms using light and 2 lenses

What are the lenses in, Compound Light Microscopes?

Eyepiece lens, scanning power objective lens, low power objective lens, and high power objective lens

How to calculate the total magnification?

Multiply the eyepiece lens by whichever objective lens is being used at the time

What is the field of view?

The diameter across the area that is being observed and is often measured in millimeters

What is the function of the stage

The stage is where the slide is placed for viewing

What do the diaphragm do?

Adjusts the amount of light and can darken or lighten the image

What are the adjustment knobs for?

Used for focusing

What is length?

The distance between two points

What is Volume?

The amount of three dimensional space and object takes up

What is Mass?

The amount of matter (particles) in something

What is Temperature?

A measure of hotness or coldness

How Observations are made?

Made using the senses

What are Inferences?

Conclusions based on observations

What are the characteristics of organisms?

Made of cells, use energy, maintain homeostasis, genetics (DNA), grow and develop, evolve (have adaptations), reproduce, respond to stimuli

What is Homeostasis?

The maintenance of a stable internal environment

What are Adaptations?

Behaviors or structures that help organisms survive

What are Stimuli?

May cause a response

What is Metabolism?

Converting food into energy

What is the Scientific Method?

Series of steps taken to investigate a question or problem

What is a hypothesis?

Educated prediction that can be tested by conducting an experiment

What is Independent variable?

The difference between the groups or trials

What is Dependent variable?

The observation that is measured