Hormones Study Guide

Where is Growth Hormone Produced?

By the somatotropic cells within the anterior pituitary gland.

What effects does growth hormone have on the body?

It affects many tissues to stimulate growth, metabolism, body comp., and well-being.

How is growth hormone affected by exercise?

Exercise stimulates the secretion of it with a linear relationship.

Where is antidiuretic hormone produced?

The Hypothalamus

Where is Epinephrine produced?

the adrenal medulla

Where is Norepinephrine produced?

Adrenal Medulla

Where is Aldosterone Produced?

Zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex

Where is Cortisol produced?

adrenal glands

Where is Insulin produced?

the beta cells in the pancreas

Where is glucagon produced?

The alpha cells in the pancreas

Where is testosterone produced?

The testes and ovaries

Where is interleukin-6 produced?

Immune cells, structural cells, adipose tissue, and ovaries

What effects does Antidiuretic Hormone have on the body?

It makes the kidneys conserve water, have less urine production, and a higher blood volume by constricting blood vessels.

What effects does epinephrine have on the body?

It increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flow to muscles while also increasing alertness and blood sugar for energy. It has more effects on the heart.

What effects does norepinephrine have on the body?

It increases heart rate and blood pressure, enhances alertness and focus, and mobilizes energy by raising blood sugar levels. It has more effects on the blood vessels

What effects does Aldosterone have on the body?

It regulates blood pressure and electrolyte balance by signaling the kidneys to reabsorb sodium and water while excreting potassium.

What effects does cortisol have on the body?

It increases blood sugar and enhances the brain’s use of energy, slows non-essential functions, and plays a role in the body’s immune and inflammatory responses.

What effects does Insulin have on the body?

It lowers blood sugar, promotes energy storage as glycogen or fat, and helps to balance other electrolytes like potassium.

What effects does glucagon have on the body?

It raises blood glucose by stimulating the liver to convert stored glycogen and to produce new glucose from other sources. It mobilizes energy from fats and amino acids, reduces appetite, and increases energy expenditure.

What effects does testosterone have on the body?

It affects the development and maintenance of male characteristics like muscle mass, bone density, and facial and body hair. It is also crucial for reproductive functions, mood, energy, and red blood cell production.

What effects does interleukin-6 have on the body?

It orchestrates immune responses by activating B and T lymphocytes, regulates metabolism, and influences the nervous system.

How is Antidiuretic Hormone affected by exercise?

It causes factors like sweating, which leads to a decrease in blood plasma volume and an increase in plasma osmolality.

How is epinephrine affected by exercise?

It elevates heart rate and blood pressure, increases blood glucose and fat metabolism for energy, and redirects blood flow to working muscles.

How is norepinephrine affected by exercise?

It increases the release as a hormone and neurotransmitter, leading to a higher heart rate and blood pressure, and it stimulates production in the brain, which improves mood and focus.

How is Aldosterone affected by exercise?

It increases levels but can lead to a decrease over time with regular training.

How is cortisol affected by exercise?

It increases levels, especially at higher intensity, it benefits the adaptation process.

How is insulin affected by exercise?

It decreases during exercise to allow the liver to release glucose for energy. Long-term, it improves insulin sensitivity.

How is glucagon affected by exercise?

It increases levels to help raise blood glucose by stimulating the liver to release more glucose.

How is testosterone affected by exercise?

There is a temporary increase after intense workouts, and long-term regular exercise can increase resting testosterone levels and improve the body’s response to it over time.

How is interleukin-6 affected by exercise?

It increases the production and release, particularly from contracting skeletal muscles.